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Stem cells in development and regeneration > Lecture 2 - Early development and Pluripotent Stem cells > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Early development and Pluripotent Stem cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are pluripotent stem cells

A

capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into the three primary germ cell layers of the early embryo and therefore into all cells of the adult body, but not extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta

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2
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

infundibulum, within oviduct

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3
Q

What is the name of the sections of the fallopian tube

A

From closest to the uterus to the fimbriae

Isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum

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4
Q

are ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm pluripotent

A

yes

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5
Q

Where will morula be located?

A

isthmus

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6
Q

Where does 2-cell stage and zola pellucida occur

A

Ampulla

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7
Q

Where is blastocyst located

A

Blastocyst

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8
Q

At which day does embryo develop into early blastocyst?

A

day 3.5

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9
Q

At which day does embryo develops into late blastocyst

A

Day 4.5

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10
Q

What are the ways to test for pluripotent stem cells (in vitro)?

A

Differentiation, teratoma formation, germline chimerism, tetraploid complementation,

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11
Q

Which pluripotency test is the least stringent

A

Differentiation

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12
Q

What is differentiation

A

Differentiate spontaneously
in vitro into derivatives of the
three germ layers:
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm – pluripotent

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13
Q

What variables are there for differentiation test?

A

• The expression for differentiation
markers is not a test for functionality:
Any changes in culture conditions can
stress the cells or induce differentiation

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14
Q

Does differentiation test functionality?

A

No

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15
Q

What is teratoma formation

A

Formation of teratomas when injected into immune-deficient mice
• Differentiate spontaneously in vivo into derivatives of the
three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm due to loss of
pluripotency and exposure to signals in the new environment that
induce differentiation

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16
Q

What teratoma formation cannot test

A

Do not test for the ability to promote normal development

17
Q

What is germline chimerism?

A

ES cells from another animal is injected into one animal’s donor blastocyst. Resulting the ES cells contributing to all tissues of the resulting offspring

18
Q

What can germline chimerism test?

A

germline competency

19
Q

What does germline chimerism not test?

A

Does not test for complete pluripotency
i.e problems caused by epigenetic defects
affecting development

20
Q

What is tetraploid complementation?

A

Tetraploid complementation
produced by injecting ES cells into a tetraploid (4n) blastocyst

because 4n host cells cannot
contribute to somatic lineages,
embryo is exclusively
composed of the cells formed from
the test cells
21
Q

Which test is the most stringent for pluripotency?

A

Tetraploid complementation

22
Q

What can tetraploid complementation test?

A

germline competency

23
Q

How many cell type does an early blastocyst have?

A

2, trophoblast and inner cell nass

24
Q

How many cell type does a late blastocyst have?

A

3, trophoblast and epiblast and hypoblast

25
Q

Why is chimerism not the most stringent test

A

because the the white cells can compensate the epigenetic defects of the black injected cells

26
Q

Why is placenta still present during tetraploid complementation

A

because it is developed from the trophoblast cells which are multinucleated as well

27
Q

When can ESCs be taken

A

taken from the epiblast during the late blastocyst stage

28
Q

What is the characteristics of the human ES cells?

A 
They do not depends on LIF
They grow as flat shaped
They cannot be passage as single cells
 Serum- & feeder-free culture requires
Activin
29
Q

How does human cells divide

A

Unlike mouse ES cells, they cannot be passaged as single cells, they will cut the tissue into smaller pieces for passaging

30
Q

Why are the ESCs and EpiSCs taken from pre-implantation and post-implantation

A

They are used to compare to see if the pluripotency are any different

Stem cells in development and regeneration (2 decks)

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