Lecture 2: Diuretics Pharm Flashcards
What’s a diuretic vs. natriuretic vs. aquaretic?
- Diuretic = substance that promotes excretion of urine
- Natriuretic = substance that promotes renal excretions of sodium
- Aquaretic = substance that produces free water clearance = Vaptans
What 2 types of diuretics act at the proximal tubule?
- Osmotic diuretics
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Which class of diuretics act at the Thin descending limb of Henle?
Osmotic diuretics
What are the 4 classes of K+-losing diuretics?
- Thiazides
- Loop diuretics
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- Osmotic diuretics
Major effects of hyperkalemia on the heart?
- Tall T waves
- Arrhythmias including bradycardia
Major effects of Hypokalemia on the heart?
- Tall U waves
- Atrial arrhythmias
- VTAC or VFIB
Explain why some diuretics are potassium-losing and others are potassium-sparing?
- K+-losing diuretics block Na+ reabsorption causing an increased delivery to the distal segments of the nephron, which activates aldosterone-sensitive Na+ pumps, which exchange Na+ for K+
- K+-sparing either block Na+ channels or the aldosterone sensitive pumps in the distal segments form working so that no Na+ is exchanged for K+
Where do Loop Diuretics exert their effects in the nephron?
MOA?
- Thick ascending limb of Henle
- Block the Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter = inhibit reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-
What is the prototypical loop diuretic?
Others in this class?
- Furosemide = most frequently prescribed
- Torsemide
- Bumetanide
- Ethacrynic acid
What are loop diuretics used for?
- Use when rapid and massive fluid removal is needed
- Management of edema in HF, hepatic and renal dz
- Acute pulmonary edema, by decreasing preload
- Tx of HTN that is unresponsive to other diuretics
If a patient has a sulfa allergey, which loop diuretic can you use?
Ethacrynic acid
What distinguishes the loop diuretics torsemide and bumetanide?
- Torsemide = longer t1/2, better oral absorption, and may work better in HF
- Bumetanide = has more predictable oral absorption
Which diuretic class can work in patients with low GFR and RBF?
Loop diuretics
Major adverse effects of Loop Diuretics?
Which toxicity?
- HYPOmagnesemia
- HYPOcalcemia –> increased kidney stone risk (opposite of thiazides!)
- Ototoxicity
How powerful are Loop Diuretics and what kind of urine is produced?
- Greatest amount of diuresis
- Max doses –> Larg volume of isotonic urine; irrespective of whether urine was dilute or concentrated
What are 3 drug interactions you must be aware of when using Loop Diuretics?
- Digoxin
- Ototoxic drugs
- K+-sparing diuretics
What is the most commonly used Thiazide diuretic?
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
Where is the site of action for Thiazides in the nephron?
MOA?
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
- Block Na+-Cl- cotransporter