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Psy331 Psychology of Emotion > Lecture 2: Culture and Emotion > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Culture and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is culture?

A

“meanings, conceptions, and interpretive schemes that are activated, constructed, or brought ‘on-line’ through participation in normative social institutions and practices (including linguistic practices) … giving shape to the psychological processes in individuals in a society”

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2
Q

Define culture: system of meaning

A

Cultures are ways of interpreting, understanding, and explaining what is going on the world around us

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3
Q

what is culture through social participation?

A

appropriate behavior is defined, cued based on culturally defined norms, we learn from our social environ

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4
Q

how does culture give rise to psychological processes?

A

How we think, behave depends on the concepts we have learned

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5
Q

Do all languages have a word corresponding to emotion?

A

No, some languages may not have a word for something but have concepts that relate to that thing

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6
Q

Do some cultures have words that overlap in meaning for emotion? give examples.

A

Yes. Jodo (Japanese) - includes considerate, motivated, lucky, angry, happy, sad, ashamed

Semteende (Ifaluk) - refers to social situations in which people might feel embarrassement or shame, rather than the emotion itself

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7
Q

Does Tahitian have a word that corresponds with sadness? what is it?

A

Tahitian doesn’t have a word that corresponds to sadness
closest is pe’a pe’a - refers to sick fatique, troubled

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8
Q

How are the words sadness and Pe’a Pe’a similar?

A

both have loss of energy, social withdrawal, decreased motor activity, downcast expression

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9
Q

What causes sadness vs. Pe’a Pe’a? What does each require?

A

Sadness caused by - loss/absence of loved ones
Pe’a Pe’a caused by - infection, physical illness, or overwork

Sadness can require - cheering up, enjoyment, distraction
Pe’a Pe’a can require - medical attention, rest, chicken soup

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10
Q

How do emotions differ across cultures? give an example.

A

Different cultures interpret and express emotions differently
- e.g. expressing aggression is common in America
But, in Taiwan, it is common for them to have smile in times of anger and not show their aggression
- some cultures don’t have words like sadness or anxiety

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11
Q

Are emotions and thier interpretations universal?

A

no

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12
Q

Is our own concept of emotions shaped by our culture?

A

yes

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13
Q

What was the Swidler study?

A

what is the North American concept of romantic love?
- had middle class people in CA, semi-structured interviews
-asked about what real love means, their experiences, what makes a relationship good vs. bad

Result: 2 kinds: Hollywood love and Prosaic love

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14
Q

What was the Hollywood love?

A

concept 1:
love at 1st sight
partner unique, “the one”
based on destiny
flashy but shallow

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15
Q

What was the prosaic love?

A

concept 2:
love grows slowly over time
many possible partners
based on compatibility
deep, sure, and lasting
(matched personality, activity, interest)

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16
Q

What do these concepts tell us?

A

They are social constructs, they tell us how relationships are supposed to work

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17
Q

Can emtions be culturally specific?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What does the emotion Litost (Czech) mean?

A

A state of torment caused by a sudden insight into one’s own miserable self

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19
Q

What does the emotion Schadenfredue (German) mean?

A

Enjoyment of another person’s suffering

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20
Q

What does the emotion Liget (Ilongot) mean?

A

like anger, but a pos, socially encouraged response to insult or injury, a successful hunt, celebrations, death of a loved one

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21
Q

What does the emotion Amae (Japanese) mean?

A

pleasurable dependence on another person; license to be childlike

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22
Q

What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothese?

A

Proposal that humans require language to think & thus, only have thos experiences, thoughts, & perceptions for which they have words
- people shouldn’t experience emotions if there language doesn’t have a word for it
- weak and falsified

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23
Q

So can people experience emotions without having a word for it?

A

Yes, language doesn’t restrict us from experiencing a particular emotion

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24
Q

What are other examples for this?

A
  • we an differentiate colors without their language making the distinction
  • we can distinguish different odor even if we can’t label each odors
25
Q

What was the Haidt & Keltner study?

A

looked at if Oriya speakers (india) that don’t have a word to distinguish embarrassement and shame (lajya) still differentiate the concepts

eng & oriya-speaking participants shown faces with embarrased or ashamed facial expressions - asked to label & tell story of what couldve elicit that display

Results showed tht a word does not restrict an emotional experience

26
Q

What are hyper cognized emotions?

A

Those for which a culuture has an elaborate network of associations & distinctions, leading to increased vocabulary

27
Q

what are hypo cognized emotions? Give an example.

A

Those for which a culture & language have little cognitive elaboration or detail
Ex. Tahitian - 46 words for anger but no word for the english concept of sadness (social construct embedded with illness/fatigue in their culture)

28
Q

What is individualism?

A

Cultural emphasis on individual uniqueness, personal rights, being true to one’s self, independence from others (US)

29
Q

What is collectivism?

A

Cultural emphasis on prioritizing group over individual, deference, social harmony, interdependence

30
Q

What is the Hong et al. study about individualism vs. collectivism?

A

Describe the behavior of these fish (US vs. Chinese students)
Americans - fish is leading the group of fish
Chinese - group of fish is chasing the fish

Leading - pride, happy emotions
Chased - anxious, angry - neg emotions

31
Q

What is wrong with labeling a culture as an individualist or collectivist?

A

It is an oversimplification

32
Q

What is the Stipek study?

A

Said that in collectivist cultures, the self is more defined by close others that it is in individualist cultures
- qs: do people in collectvist cultures feel more self-conscious emotions (pride, shame) in response to a close other’s action
- US vs. Chinese students
-read scenarios of either self or family member was either accepted into a prestigious uni or caught cheating on an exam

33
Q

What were the result of the Stipek study?

A

Prestigous uni:
Americans equally proud of self vs. child
Chinese - prouder of child than self
Caught cheating:
- both said more shame, guilt if they were caught but Chinese repoted more shame and guilt in both conditions
Chinese had stronger emotional response to close others’ actions & outcomes

34
Q

What is a vertical society? (power distance)

A

People attend closely to social hierarchy, encoraging emotions and behaviors that respect status differences

35
Q

What is the horizontal society? (power distance)

A

People typically minimize attention to status differences, seldom acknowledging status differences publicly

36
Q

What was the Hwang & Matsumoto power distance & emotion study?

A

Used olympic judo competitors to measure display of pride, dominance when they won/lost a medal

Result: competitors from more vertical cultures show more dominance after winning medal; no effect of power difference on behavior after losing

37
Q

What is Linear Epistemology?

A

Belief that knowing something means:
knowing what is constant and unchanging about it
how it differs from other things
what is true vs. false about it
strongly influenced by Aristotle

38
Q

What is Dialectal Epistemology?

A

Belief that:
Reality is always changing
all things are interrelated, not separate or different
same proposition can be both true and false, depending on perspective
strongly influenced by Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism

39
Q

What is the shiota study about epistemology and emotion?

A

Qs: do Asian-American dating partners be more likely than European-American partners to report feeling love and neg emotion at the same time during specific convos?
-college age dating couples
- 4 convos: teasing, share a concern, previous partner, 1st date
- after each convo, listener rates felt love, several neg emotions
-for each cultural group, calculate correlation between love, main neg emotion felt during each convo

40
Q

What was the result of the Shioto (2010) study?

A

Euro-Amer - reported love or target neg emotion but not both
Asian-Amer - reported feeling love & the neg emotion at the same time
THIS is how culture or epistemology affects emotion

41
Q

What are the limitations of studies of culture & emotion?

A

-Most research compared US/CAN with Japan/China
- cultures don’t always follows national boundaries
(people moving from 1 place to another may experience a cultural shock)

  • culture may influence how ppl interpret, using rating scales in questionnaires; same no. may have diff meaning (no. 4 can mean something diff for diff ppl)

-Studying group differences is not the same as studying culture

42
Q

what is Culture priming?

A

Projecting participants with certain stimuli, manipulating participants to examine their cultural mindsets (not changing their cultural beliefs) can tell us if they’re leaning towards 1 culture more than the other

43
Q

What is culture of honor?

A

Reputation for strength, self reliance, pride toughness are important for social standing, self-protection; common in herding economies with sparse law enforcement
- happens in places where people’s wealth is stored in form & location that can be eaasily stolen
- law enforcement is distanct and unreliable
e.g. southern & western USA

44
Q

What was the study of Cohen about culture of honor & anger?

A

Qs: Do undergrad men from US southern states respond more aggressively to insults than northerns?
Procedure: man is bumbed & verbally insulted by a confederate in hallways vs. confederate walks by (control) & chicken game
Measure: rater-observed anger, hormones cortisol (Stress), testosterone (dominance), dominant behavior (handshake) with 3rd person

45
Q

What is a confederate?

A

Member of the research team pretending to be a partcipant

46
Q

What was the result of the study of Cohen about culture of honor & anger?

A

southern men appeared angrier, showed increased cortisol, testosterone, gave firmer handshakes, gave way later in chicken test
not observed in the no-bump control condition

IMPLICATION: Aggressive responses to insults may be heightened in cultures where self-protection has historically required strong assertion of dominance

47
Q

What are the evolutionary & cultural approaches to emotion?

A

Neurocultural Theory of Emotion
Emotion Episodes as socially constructed scripts
levels of analysis

48
Q

What is the Neurocultural Theory of Emotion?

A

This theory is based on the assumption that there are basic emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise & possible contempt & shame), whose activation triggers “facial affect progragm that sends neuro impulses to the face”
- culture determines what kidns of emotions to experience

49
Q

What theory said supports that culture sets norms for expressing emotions and tells u how to act an emotion?

A

Neuro-cultural theory of emotion (Ekman)

50
Q

What is the facial affect program?

A

people have the same emotions, everyone expresses emotions in the same manner

51
Q

What are display rules?

A

Rules that specify which emotion is appropriate in the context of a situation you are encountering (conscious management technique)
- they specify, neutralize or mask your emotions, norms that very across cultures

52
Q

What was the display rules comparative study?

A

Japanese, American subjects
Examined facial expression of each group while watching a neutral or upsetting movie, alone and while being interviewed
Results: Japanese people didnt change their expression much when they were being interviewed
IMPLICATION: Japanese were prompted by their display rules to hide their neg emotions with a smile - Americans considered more authentic by this logic

53
Q

What are emotion episodes as socially constructed scripts?

A

Episodes are socially constructed scripts
some are universal (eliciting experiences, facial expression, physiological)
Some are culturally learned (physiologically constructed) - like percieved cause of emotion, emotional behavior

54
Q

What are scripts?

A

Cultural beliefs about what events, thoughts, feelings, & bhaviors are supposed to go together in an episode of experience

55
Q

What are levels of analysis?

A

Emotions have functions at many levels of analysis: some are universal, others are cultural
Functions universal - Intraindividual and dyadic
Functions cultural - Small groups and culture - more variability

56
Q

What is intraindividual level of analysis? give an example

A

Emotions help individual survive and reproduce
Ex. Fear makes us run from threat

57
Q

What is dyadic level of analysis? Give an example

A

Emotion supports relationships between 2 people
Ex. parents love for their children - continuous, maintained

58
Q

What is small groups level of analysis? Give an example

A

Emotins help negotiate group members’ social roles
Using emotion to express social hierarchy in a vertical society

59
Q

What is culture level of analysis? Give an example

A

Emotional stories are used to teach cultural values
Ex. using legends, stories to evoke emotions

Psy331 Psychology of Emotion (4 decks)

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