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Physiology II Exam 1 > Lecture 2 - CNS Structure and Function > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - CNS Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine (What is it secreted by?)

A

Pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex, some neurons in basal nuclei, alpha motor neurons, preganglionic neurons of ANS, postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic, some postganglionic neurons of sympathetic

Usually excitatory

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2
Q

Norepinephrine (What is it secreted by?)

A

Many neurons located in the brain stem and hypothalamus, some neurons located in the pons (locus ceruleus), and most postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic

Can be either excitatory or inhibitory

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3
Q

Dopamine (What is it secreted by?)

A

Most neurons originating in the substantia nigra

Usually inhibitory

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4
Q

Norepinephrine (What is it targeted by?)

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, cymbalta, propranolol

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5
Q

Acetylcholine (What is it targeted by?)

A

Nicotine, chantix, sarin, aricept (Alzheimer’s), botox, tensolin (myasthenia gravis), biperiden (Parkinson’s)

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6
Q

Dopamine (What is it targeted by?)

A

Amphetamines, cocaine, levadopa (Parkinson’s), haldol (antipsychotic)

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7
Q

Glycine (What is it secreted by?)

A

Synapses in the spinal cord

  • Always inhibitory*
  • Not targeted by drugs*
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8
Q

GABA (What is it secreted by?)

A

Many areas in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex

Always inhibitory

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9
Q

Glutamate (What is it secreted by?)

A

Many sensory pathways entering the CNS and many areas of cerebral cortex

Always excitatory

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10
Q

GABA (What is it targeted by?)

A

Alcohol, barbituates, valium, baclofen

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11
Q

Glutamate (What is it targeted by?)

A

Ketamine (anesthetic), namenda (Alzheimer’s), robitussin

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12
Q

General characteristics of dendrites

A

May extend out a large distance and receive signals from a large spatial area, generally cannot transmit action potentials (use electronic conduction), long, have thin membranes partially permeable to K+ and Cl-

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13
Q

Decremental Induction

A

Gradual loss of electric potential in dendrites as the depolarization spreads from the site of initiation because of leakage

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14
Q

Electronic Conduction

A

Direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the dendritic fluids without generating an action potential

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15
Q

Synaptic Delay

A

Time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron; depends on several factors (Slide 19); minimal time is 0.5msec

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16
Q

Vertebral Arteries

A

First branches of the subclavian arteries, ascend through the transverse foramina of C1-6, pass through the foramen magnum, and unite at caudal border of pons to form basilar artery; basilar artery gives off cerebellar arteries and then divides into two posterior cerebral arteries

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17
Q

Internal Carotids (Component of Circle of Willis)

A

Terminal branches of the common carotids; enter cranial cavity through carotid canal in temporal bone; give off anterior and middle cerebral arteries

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18
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Pentagonal-shaped circle of arteries on the ventral surface of the brain that unites the 2 vertebral and 2 internal arteries; important anastomosis between these 2 pairs of arteries

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19
Q

Posterior Cerebral Arteries (Component of Circle of Willis)

A

Terminal branches of the basilar artery

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20
Q

Posterior Communicating Arteries (Component of Circle of Willis)

A

Connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the internal carotids

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21
Q

Anterior Cerebral Arteries (Component of Circle of Willis)

A

Branches off the internal carotids

22
Q

Anterior Communicating Artery (unpaired) (Component of Circle of Willis)

A

Connects the 2 anterior cerebral arteries

23
Q

Components of Telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulb, basal nuclei (ganglia), corpus striatum (nuclei in cerebrum), caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus

24
Q

Characteristics of Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Make up 80% of brain mass, have gyri/sulci, left and right are called “falx cerebri”, superior to the cerebellum is called “tentorium cerebelli”, have 5 (maybe 6?) lobes

25
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Integrates eye focusing movements, correlates visual images with visual memory, involved in conscious perception of vision, separated from parietal lobe via Parietooccipital Sulcus

26
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somatesthetic interpretation (postcentral gyrus), understanding speech at auditory association complex and Wernicke’s area, formulating words to express thoughts and emotions

27
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Landmark that separates the motor cortex from the sensory cortex

28
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary motor control (precentral gyrus), motivation, aggression, mood, personality, cognitive processes, verbal communication (Broca’s area)

29
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Receives/interprets olfactory and auditory sensations, responsible for storage of memory related to auditory and visual experiences

30
Q

Insula Lobe

A

Not observed from the surface; involved with memory, psychic cortex; highest levels of brain function (abstract thought and judgement)

31
Q

Corpus Striatum Components

A

Caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

32
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

Large subconscious movements of skeletal muscles

33
Q

Lentiform Nucleus

A

Has a putament (in control of large subconscious movements of skeletal muscles) and globus pallidus (regulates muscle tone)

34
Q

Components of Diencephalon

A

Epithalamus, pineal body, thalamus

35
Q

Epithalamus

A

Has habenular nuclei; thought to be involved in emotional and visceral responses to odors, projects to septal nuclei (in thalamus) via stria medullaris thalami, and projects to interpeduncular nucleus via habenulointerpeduncular tract

36
Q

Pineal Body

A

Secretes melatonin (regulates circadian rhythms); activity is modulated by light-dark cycle via sympathetic inputs activated by hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus; calcification accrues with maturity; lesions associated with precocious puberty

37
Q

Thalamus

A

Makes up 80% of diencephalon, separated by hypothalamus via hypothalamic sulcus; has optic recess, infundibular recess, and pineal recess as landmarks; has habenular commissure ABOVE the pineal recess and posterior commissure BELOW the pineal recess

38
Q

Functions of the Thalamus

A

Relays all sensory information except smell to the cerebral cortex, provides crude awareness, initial autonomic response of the body to intense pain (physiologic shock), interpretation center for crude pain, temperature, light touch, pressure, plays a role in arousal and alerting, and plays a role in complex reflex movements

39
Q

Thalamic Sensory Relay Nuclei

A

Medial geniculate body (auditory; projects to primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe), lateral geniculate body (visual; projects to primary visual cortex in occipital lobe), and ventral posterior nuclei (general sensations and taste)

40
Q

Thalamic motor Relay Nuclei

A

Ventral lateral (voluntary motor), ventral anterior (voluntary motor and arousal), subthalamic

41
Q

Thalamic Reticular Nucleus

A

Modifies neuronal activity in the thalamus; may be involved in regulating sleep-wakefulness cycle and levels of awareness

42
Q

Thalamic Anterior Nuclei

A

Concerned with certain emotions and memory; receives input from hippocampus and mammillary bodies (mammillo)

43
Q

Functions of Reticular Formation

A

Modulates sensation of pain, modulates certain postural reflexes and muscle tone, helps control breathing and heartbeat, regulates level of brain arousal and consciousness, made up of diffuse aggregations of cells

44
Q

Magnocellular Zone

A

Large cells restricted to medial 2/3 of reticular formation

45
Q

Parvocellular Zone

A

Small cells found in lateral regions of reticular formation

46
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A

Lie along midline of medulla and midbrain; important in maintaining wakefulness; damage may result in permanent coma

47
Q

Monoaminergic Pathways of RAS

A

Uses serotonin, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine

48
Q

Serotonergic Pathways of RAS

A

Originate in raphe nuclei; extensive continuous collection of cell groups throughout the brainstem; one part terminates in substantia gelatinosa and is implicated in pain mechanisms; other part projects to limbic structures and may be associated with changes in mood and behavior; may be part of sleep-inducing mechanism

Inhibition of serotonin synthesis or destruction of raphe nuclei leads to insomnia, but can be cured by administration of serotonin

49
Q

Noradrenergic Pathways of RAS

A

One system arises from lateral reticular formation and innervates the hypothalamus and other limbic structures; best-known group of cells is in the locus ceruleus (heavily pigmented cells) which projects to every major region of the brain and spinal cord; most adrenergic fibers terminate on small blood vessels and capillaries in the brain and may help regulate flow in the brain

50
Q

Dopaminergic Pathways of RAS

A

Majority of dopaminergic cells are located in the substantia nigra

Physiology II Exam 1 (8 decks)

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