Lecture 2: Cell Signalling Types, Cellular Transport Types, Cell Divison

Question 1

The goal/function of cell signaling is to..

Answer 1

Transmit some type of stimulus into a response by the cell receiving the stimulus

Question 2

Short term effects last… and happens when the signal reaches the…

Answer 2

Minutes to a hour… cytoplasm

Question 3

Examples of short term effects are

Answer 3

Cytoskeleton reorganization, migration, and metabolic activity

Question 4

Long term effects last….and happens when the signal reaches the…

Answer 4

Hours or more…nucleus

Question 5

Long term effects must reach the nucleus and has to..

Answer 5

Be altered by the dna/gene expression to become the protein/signal

Question 6

Long term effect examples are…

Answer 6

The same as short term as well as differentiation, proliferation, survival, and stress responses

Question 7

Membrane receptor proteins determine…

Answer 7

Which ligands or stimuli a cell can be affected by, how the cell will perceive the binding, if/how the cell will respond

Question 8

Do all cells react the same to the same ligand?

Answer 8

No, different cells can have different responses to the same signal/ligand

Question 9

Primary messengers..

Answer 9

are ligands, and directly bind to the receptors on the surface of the cell

Question 10

With primary receptors, the receptor protein..

Answer 10

Translates the binding of a ligand with a receptor to a cellular response

Question 11

Do primary receptors cause one or multiple secondary receptors?

Answer 11

Several

Question 12

Secondary messengers..

Answer 12

Help to amplify and spread the primary messengers signal to targets within the cell

Question 13

Secondary messengers are..

Answer 13

Ions, cAMP, IP3/DAG, calcium

Question 14

Some examples of ions that are secondary messengers are..

Answer 14

K, Na, Cl, Ca

Question 15

Name the protein/enzyme and substrate/source that the secondary messenger cAMP produces

Answer 15

cAMP - Adenylyl Cyclase - ATP

Question 16

Name the protein/enzyme and substrate/source that the secondary messenger cGMP produces

Answer 16

cGMP - granulated cyclase - GTP

Question 17

Name the protein/enzyme and substrate/source that the secondary messenger IP3/DAG produces

Answer 17

IP3/DAG - phospholipids C - membrane phospholipids

Question 18

Name the protein/enzyme and substrate/source that the secondary messenger calcium produces

Answer 18

Calcium - voltage-sensitive channels - endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, extracellular space

Question 19

Name the protein/enzyme and substrate/source that the secondary messenger nitric oxide produces

Answer 19

Nitric oxide - nitric oxide synthase - argenine

Question 20

Commalities of second messengers are that they…

Answer 20

Are small, their production/release and destruction can be localized within the cell, enabling the cell to limit space and duration of signal activity

Question 21

Metabolic processes has three phases of transport. Phase 1 happens mostly in the…. the second in the…and the third in the….

Answer 21

Phase:1 gastric system and bloodstream
Phase 2 and Phase 3: occur in the cytoplasm and organelles

Specific Import and export mechanisms are vital

Question 22

Passive transport is..

Answer 22

When water and small, electrically uncharged molecules love through the plasma membrane pores

Does not require energy

Move from area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 23

Facilitated diffusion is..

Answer 23

When a protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expending ATP

Binging of the molecule alone is sufficient to cause a conformational change and let it through

Question 24

Active transport is…

Answer 24

When molecules are moved across a concentration gradient, that is protein mediated and requires ATP

Question 25

Mediates transport is..

Answer 25

The movement of two molecules simultaneously in one direction or opposites, can be passive or active.

Question 26

Passive glucose transport is..

Answer 26

facilitated diffusion, used GLUT3 and GLUT1 to move glucose into the cell from the blood slowly/at a consent rate when the concentration is > or = 1nm.

Question 27

Active transport of glucose is…

Answer 27

Active transport using GLUT4 that is kept on cytoplasmic vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to signal the response for glucose to rush into the cell when insulin is present. Is faster, and happens when the concentration is about 4.5

Question 28

M phase of the cell cycle is when…

Answer 28

Mitosis takes place

Question 29

G1/G2 phases of the cell cycle is when..

Answer 29

The cell is growing, generating more proteins, everything it needs to have before it divides into two daughters cells

Question 30

S phase of the cell cycle is when..

Answer 30

DNA is synthesized and doubled to get ready for the beginning of mitosis

Question 31

Growth factor low = | Growth factor high =

Answer 31

= low cell division | = high cell division

Question 32

Spindle assembly checkpoint check for..

Answer 32

Correct chromosome attachment to the spindles with the microtubules

Question 33

G1 checkpoint checks for…(4)

Answer 33

Cell size, nutrients, growth factors, any DNA damage

Question 34

Triggering of a checkpoint results in..(4)

Answer 34

1. Stops the cell cycle 2. Allows the cell more time to generate appropriate components 3. Triggers proteins to repair/rectify the problem that trigger it in the first place 4. If problem is too severe, goes into apoptosis

Question 35

Meiosis is the creation of gametes involving….rounds of division creating…gametes

Answer 35

2…haploid

Question 36

Mitosis is cell replication, goes through…round of division, creating two….. that are genetically identical to the parent cell

Answer 36

1…daughter cells