Lecture 1: Cellular Organelles, Plasma Membrane, Functions

Question 1

DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around what?

Answer 1

Histone proteins

Question 2

An enzyme is a bio molecule that has…

Answer 2

Catalytic activity

Question 3

Enzymes are most often…. But can also be….

Answer 3

proteins….rna

Question 4

What are the three major filaments of polymerized monomers that make up the cytoskeleton?

Answer 4

Microtubules, actin, intermediate filaments(like keratin)

Question 5

Major metabolic processes occur entirely in the…. With active transport shuttling components to/from organelles

Answer 5

Cytosplams

Question 6

Ribosomes are a..

Answer 6

Complex of proteins and rRNA

Question 7

RNA does what?

Answer 7

Translates nucleotide codons from DNA into amino acid polypeptides

Question 8

The endoplasmic reticulum can be both…. and….. which has ribosomes attached it it?

Answer 8

Rough…smooth…rough ER

Question 9

Rough ER is the main site for…

Answer 9

Protein synthesis and folding

Question 10

Smooth ER is most known as a…

Answer 10

Sorting center

Question 11

The endoplasmic reticulum is a major player in sensing…

Answer 11

Cellular stress

Question 12

Cellular stress initiates a process called…

Answer 12

Unfolded protein response(UPR)

Question 13

Protein folding does what with amino acid chains?

Answer 13

Turns them into functional proteins based on hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions, covalent bonds, and chaperone proteins.

Question 14

What happens during the UPR response?

Answer 14

1. Cell stressor (toxin, genetic mutation, metabolic deficiency, etc) something that is wrong in the cell
2. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER
3. ACTIVATION OF UPR
4. Deactivation of ribosomal proteins needed for translation
5. A. Cell cycle arrest
   b. Production of repair proteins to fix the damage
   c. Apoptosis pathway begins

Question 15

The golgi apparatus has…which are filled with enzymes to….which have significant effects on the….of proteins.

Answer 15

cisternae…modify proteins…function and activity

Examples of the function/activity affected are..
Glycosylation
Phosphorylation

Question 16

Impaired function of the gologi is linked to what type of disorders?

Answer 16

Mental health disorders

Question 17

Lysosomes are the…of the cell

Answer 17

Garbage cans

They digest excessive or worn out organelles, food particles, engulfed foreign bodies, and reactive proteins with there acidic pH

Question 18

Peroxisomes most critical functions are..

Answer 18

1. Breakdown (beta oxidative) of fatty acids
2. Initiate formation of specialized phospholipids for nerve cell mylenation
3. Detox of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide to water)

BIG PART OF METABOLISM

Question 19

Mitochondria are the…and are only inherited from the…

Answer 19

Power house of the cell…mother

Question 20

Are steroids synthesized in the mitochondria?

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the…..of the mitochondria to produce ATP from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Answer 21

Inner membrane

Question 22

Mitochondria, other than ATP production, also play a key role in…(4 things)

Answer 22

1. Apoptosis
2. Productions of reactive oxygen species
3. Heme synthesis
4. Steroid synthesis

Question 23

What are some basic functions of the plasma membrane? (6)

Answer 23

1. Control the composition of the stuff they enclose
2. Enclose contents protect from ECF
3. Selective permeability
4. Provides cell to cell recognition
5. display receptors for cell to accept responses to environment
6. Provide mobility and shape to the cell

Question 24

Glycans are added to the….on the side chains of amino acids within…

Answer 24

Reactive groups…proteins

Question 25

Glycans vary based on..

Answer 25

Sugar composition, linkage, length, branching and modification of hydroxyl groups

Question 26

What molecule serves as a attachment site for Glycans to lipids?

Answer 26

Phosphate

Question 27

Glycosylation of proteins has effects on the…of the proteins

Answer 27

1.activity 2. Function 3. Degradation (Abundance, type, duration)

Question 28

What amino acid to Glycans like to be on the most?

Answer 28

Asparagine

Question 29

Glycans are important in chronic disease and congenital disorders because..

Answer 29

Upregulation and mutation of glycans that facilitate cancer migration and metastasis

Question 30

Glycans are important in pathogens because..

Answer 30

They can adhere to the Glycans on cell surfaces

Question 31

Glycans are important in therapies that include…(3)

Answer 31

Antibiotics targeting cell walls, anticoagulants/blood thinners, and vaccines

Question 32

Call to cell adhesions are extremely common in what kind of conditions?

Answer 32

Dermatological

Question 33

Cellular communication is important for..(3)

Answer 33

1. Maintaining homeostasis 2. Regulation of growth and division of the cell 3. Coordination of functions

Question 34

Contact dependents signaling involves the…and the…of the plasma membrane.

Answer 34

Membrane bound receptors…gap junctions

Question 35

Contact independent signaling can be either….(5 types)

Answer 35

paracrine, autocrine, hormonal, neurohormonal, neurotransmitters

Question 36

Paracrine signaling

Answer 36

secreting cells that signal other cells

Question 37

autocrine signalling

Answer 37

Cell secretes something that comes back and binds to itself/receptors on its own surface

Question 38

Hormonal signaling

Answer 38

Like paracrine signaling but the signals go through the bloodstream to a far away target cell

Question 39

Neurohormonal signaling

Answer 39

Neuron does the secretion into the bloodstream to the target cell

Question 40

neurotransmitter signaling

Answer 40

Neuron directly secretes and signals to target cell

Question 41

The extracellular matrix is the

Answer 41

Glue to binding the cells to each other/keeping them together

Question 42

ECM is composed of…that are synthesized in the.. and secreted

Answer 42

Proteins, glycans, glycoproteins…ER

Question 43

Collagens, fibronectins, laminitis are key…..and….molecules

Answer 43

EMC…basement membrane

Question 44

Contrast the differences between protein and glycans in terms of composition

Answer 44

Proteins-made up of amino acids Glycans- monosaccharides/sugar molecules

Question 45

Contrast the differences between protein and glycans in terms of synthesis

Answer 45

Proteins-made in the cytoplasm by ribosomes where mRNA is a template molecule, the ribosome then synthesized it into a polypeptide chain of amino acids Glycans-made in the golgi apparatus, can be molecules themselves or attached to lipids and or proteins

Question 46

Contrast the differences between protein and glycans in terms of functions

Answer 46

Both can be structural, Glycans can modulate he function of proteins, both are big components in the extracellular matrix

Question 47

What is the purpose of UPR and what are the three major outcomes?

Answer 47

UPR is unfolded protein synthesis and is a response to the buildup of too much protein in the ER or other parts of the cell. This results in.. 1. Cell cycle deactivation 2. Repair protein release 3. Apoptosis