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Anatomy > Lecture 2 - Biomolecules > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A
  • organic molecules

- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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2
Q

What is the formula of a carbohydrate?

A

CnH2nOn

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3
Q

What does the suffix -ose mean?

A

sugar molecule

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4
Q

What are the 3 structural isomers of carbohydrates?

A

glucose, galactose, & fructose

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5
Q

How are disaccharides joined together?

A

Covalently

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6
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose

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7
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose

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8
Q

2 glucose molecules =

A

maltose

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9
Q

What are two examples of a polysaccharide?

A

Starch & Glycogen

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10
Q

Cellulose has what type of glycosidic bond?

A

Linear

Beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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11
Q

Starch has what type of glycosidic bonds?

A

lightly branched
amylose (alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond)
amylopectin (alpha-1,4 & alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds)

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12
Q

Glycogen has what type of glycosidic bonds?

A

alpha-1,4 & 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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13
Q

What are some examples of disaccharides?

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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14
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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15
Q

T or F: During fasting or long-lasting exercise, the liver cannot add glucose to the blood through hydrolysis of its stored glycogen.

A

False

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16
Q

Lipids: The longer the chain and fewer double bonds mean what for solubility?

A

Lower solubility in water

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17
Q

What are Triglycerides composed of?

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

- Unsat. & Sat. fatty acids

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18
Q

Why do we use triacylglycerols for stored fuels instead of polysaccharides?

A
  1. Lipids has 2x more energy

2. Triacylglycerols are hydrophobic vs polysaccharides that has 2g of water per gram (extra weight)

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19
Q

What percentage should be limit saturated & trans fats?

A

Saturated fat: 7%

Trans fat: 1%

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20
Q

Trans fats raise and lower what?

A

Raise LDL (bad cholesterol) & triacylglycerol levels and lowers HDL (good cholesterol)

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21
Q

LDL is what type of cholesterol

A

bad cholesterol

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22
Q

HDL is what type of cholesterol?

A

Good cholesterol

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23
Q

What are ketone bodies?

A

4 carbon acidic molecules (acetoacetic acid & beta-hydroxybutyric acid) and acetone (formed by release of CO2 from acetoacetic acid)

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24
Q

Lipid into ketone bodies occurs when …

A

there’s a rapid breakdown of fat from a strict low carb diet (starvation) & uncontrolled diabetes (causes ketoacidosis)

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25
Q

What are major components of the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

26
Q

What does a Glycerophospholipid consist of?

A

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group & other molecules (like alcohol)

27
Q

What do Sphingolipids consist of?

A
  • Fatty acid + phosphate group + Choline

- Fatty acid + Mono or oligosaccharide

28
Q

What are PAFs?

A

Platelet activating factor

- lipid mediator of inflammation

29
Q

What is the precursor for the steroidal molecules in our body?

A

Cholesterol

30
Q

Cholesterol serves as an precursor for what?

A

bile salts & vitamin D3

31
Q

Biosynthetic Pathway of Steroids: Cholesterol turns into Pregnenolone by what?

A

Cytochrome P450scc

32
Q

What are Eicosanoids?

A

Paracrine hormones, involved in inflammation, fever, & pain associated with injury or disease

33
Q

What is an Arachidonic Acid?

A

20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid

34
Q

Cox-1 is constitutive or inducible?

A

constitutive

35
Q

Cox-2 is constitutive or inducible?

A

Inducible

36
Q

Cox-1 involves what reactions?

A

Gastric protection & platelet function

37
Q

Cox-2 involves what reactions?

A

Pain, bone formation, & fever

38
Q

What are the regulatory functions of prostaglandins?

A
  • regulation of blood vessel diameter
  • ovulation
  • uterine contraction during labor
  • inflammation reactions
  • blood clotting
39
Q

What is Thyrotropin?

A

Releasing hormone that is 3 AAs long

40
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

basic sequence of AAs

41
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet formed as a result of H-bonds between the H of an amino group and the O of a nearby AA

42
Q

What is tertiary protein structure?

A

3D structure formed as a result of ionic bonds, H-bonds, or VDW between R groups of nearby AAs
- polypeptide chains bend & fold

43
Q

What is quaternary protein structure?

A

multiple polypeptide chains covalently bounded together

44
Q

What are some functions of a protein?

A
  • Structure of different tissues (collagen & keratin)
  • Enzymes
  • Antibodies
  • Synthesizing & repairing DNA
  • Transporting materials across the cell
  • Receiving & sending chemical signals
  • Responding to stimuli
45
Q

What are some examples of conjugated proteins?

A

Glycoproteins & Lipoproteins

46
Q

What are Glycoproteins conjugated with?

A

Carbohydrates (certain hormones & proteins in the cell membrane)

47
Q

What are Lipoproteins conjugated with?

A

Lipids (cell membranes & in the plasma)

48
Q

What are some proteins that are conjugated with pigment molecules?

A

Hemoglobin & Cytochromes (uses oxygen for energy production)

49
Q

What are two examples of FDA-approved PCSK9 inhibitors?

A

alirocumab (Praluent) & evolocumab (Repatha)

50
Q

Clinical Aspect: LDL & PCSK9

A
  • LDL receptors remove LDL from the bloodstream
  • PCSK9 binds & destroys the LDLR with the LDL particle.
  • If PCSK9 is inhibited, the receptor returns to the surface of the cell and remove more cholesterol
51
Q

Nucleotides are bounded together by what synthesis?

A

Bonded together in dehydration synthesis rxns to form polynucleotide chains

52
Q

What are nucleotides composed of?

A

5-carbon pentose sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogenous base (pyrimidines/purines)

53
Q

What is the basis for the genetic code and is the largest molecule in the cell?

A

DNA

54
Q

What type of sugar does DNA have?

A

deoxyribose sugar

55
Q

What are the base pairings for DNA? (Law of complementary base pairing)

A

Adenine -> Thymine (2 H-bonds)

Guanine -> Cytosine (3 H-bonds)

56
Q

What type of bond allows the base to produce a double-stranded DNA molecule?

A

H-bonding

57
Q

What type of sugar does RNA have?

A

ribose sugar

58
Q

What are the base pairings in RNA?

A

adenine -> URACIL

59
Q

RNA is composed of what kinds of strand?

A

Single stranded

60
Q

What are the 3 major type of RNA molecules in the cytoplasm of cells?

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

61
Q

T or F: All 3 types of RNA are made within the cell nucleus by using info. contained in DNA as a guide.

A

True

62
Q

What other roles do purine-containing nucleotides have?

A
  • roles as energy carriers (ATP & GTP)
  • regulation of cellular events (cAMP)
  • coenzymes (NAD & FAD)

Anatomy (5 decks)

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