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Anatomy > Lecture 1 - Def. of Physiology & Hierarchical fxn structure of human body > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Def. of Physiology & Hierarchical fxn structure of human body Flashcards

1
Q

Physis

A

Nature

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2
Q

Logos

A

Study

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Static image of the body’s architecture

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4
Q

What does Human Anatomy mean in Greek?

A

to cut apart

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5
Q

What is Physiology?

A
  • Study of biological fxn of body parts

- How all the body parts work

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6
Q

What does the topics of physiology encompass?

A
  • The fxn of specific organ systems

- Focus on cellular & molecular events

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7
Q

Principle of physics help explain what?

A

Electrical currents, blood pressure, & the way muscles use bones to cause body movements

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8
Q

Anatomy provides what?

A

A static image of the body’s architecture

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9
Q

Physiology provides what?

A

Reveals the body’s dynamic nature

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10
Q

Physiology are what kind of fxns?

A

Normal fxn

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11
Q

Pathophysiology is what?

A

Alterations in disease or injury

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12
Q

How is Comparative Physiology beneficial?

A
  • Study of human physiology

- Designs new pharmaceutical agents

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13
Q

Development of Pharmaceutical Drugs

A
  1. Basic physiological research (cellular/molecular lvl)
  2. in vitro -> animal models
  3. Clinical trials (humans)
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14
Q

What is Gross anatomy?

A

Study of the larger structure of the body, visible without microscope

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15
Q

What is Microscopic anatomy?

A

Uses a microscope (Cytology, histology)

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16
Q

List the Topics of Anatomy

A
  1. Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
  2. Regional anatomy
  3. Systemic anatomy
  4. Surface anatomy
  5. Microscopic anatomy
  6. Developmental anatomy
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17
Q

What is Developmental Anatomy?

A

the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime

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18
Q

List the Specialized Branches of Anatomy

A
  1. Pathological anatomy
  2. Radiographic anatomy
  3. Molecular biology
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19
Q

What is Pathological anatomy?

A

Changes associated with disease

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20
Q

What is Radiographic anatomy?

A

internal structures using specialized visualization techniques (x-rays or special scanning devices)

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21
Q

What is Molecular biology?

A

study of biological molecules by polymerase chain rxn

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22
Q

What are the Levels of Structural Organization?

A
  1. Chemical lvl
  2. Cellular lvl
  3. Tissue lvl
  4. Organ lvl
  5. Organ system lvl
  6. Organismal lvl
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23
Q

Function is dependent on what??

A

Structure.

- What a structure can do depends on its specific form

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24
Q

What are the 4 primary tissues?

A
  1. Muscle
  2. Nerve
  3. Connective
  4. Epithelial
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25
Q

T or F: Organs may be grouped together by common fxns into systems

A

True

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26
Q

What tissues make up the muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal (striated)
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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27
Q

What is Skeletal (striated) tissue?

A

Voluntary muscle & contractions are consciously controlled

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28
Q

What is Cardiac tissue?

A

Myocardial cells are short, branched, and interconnected to form a continuous fabric

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29
Q

What is Smooth tissue?

A

Covers digestive tracts, blood vessels, bronchioles and ducts of urinary & reproductive systems

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30
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

A wavelike contraction of smooth muscle layers

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31
Q

Do Skeletal and Cardiac muscle tissues have striations?

A

Yes bc of similar contraction mechanisms

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32
Q

Skeletal Muscle attaches to what?

A

Bones at both ends by tendons

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33
Q

What are the exceptions to being attached to bones at both ends by tendons that are skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Tongue
  2. Superior portion of esophagus
  3. Anal sphincter
  4. Diaphragm
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34
Q

What is a Parallel arrangement and what muscle is associated with this?

A

Each fiber controlled individually (grade the contraction - precise control of movement)
- Skeletal muscle

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35
Q

Cardiac muscle contains what and what do they do?

A

Intercalated discs that couple cells mechanically & electrically
- Stim. of 1 cell results in stim. of all cells in contraction

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36
Q

What are neurons?

A

responsible for generation & conduction of electrical events

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37
Q

What are the components of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body: nucleus is here & fxns as metabolic center
  2. Dendrites: branched cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body that receive input from other neurons or receptor cells
  3. Axon: cytoplasmic extensions
38
Q

The Nervous Tissue contains what types of cells?

A

Neuroglial cells (glial cells)

39
Q

What do neuroglial cells (glial cells) do?

A

structural support & fxns for normal physiological activity of the nervous system

  1. Bind neurons together
  2. Modify extracellular environment
  3. Influence the nourishments & electrical activity of neurons
40
Q

What are the cell forming membranes of the epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
41
Q

Simple epithelia

A

one layer

42
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

two or more layers

43
Q

What are Epithelial cells joined together by?

A

Junctional complexes

44
Q

Another name for Tight junction?

A

Zonula occludens

45
Q

Another name for Belt Desmosome?

A

Zonula adherens

46
Q

Another name for desmosome?

A

Macula adherens

47
Q

What does the basement membrane induce?

A

Polarity to the cells of the epithelial membranes

48
Q

Top

A

apical

49
Q

Bottom

A

basal

50
Q

What is the Basement Membrane?

A

Layer of proteins & polysaccharides attached to the underlying connective tissue below Epithelial membranes

51
Q

How many subunits is collagen in basement membranes assembled from?

A

6

52
Q

What are the two syndromes in the Epithelial tissue?

A

Alport & Goodpasture’s syndrome

53
Q

How are the syndromes of the Epithelial Tissue diagnosed?

A

by exfoliative cytology - microscopic examination

54
Q

What is Alport’s syndrome?

A

genetic disorder of the collagen subunits

55
Q

What does Alport’s syndrome result in?

A

Damage to the kidneys’ glomeruli (most common cause of kidney failure)

56
Q

What is Goodpasture’s syndrome?

A

the collagen in the basement membranes of the glomeruli & the lungs is attacked by the person’s own antibodies

57
Q

What does Goodpasture’s syndrome lead to?

A

Both kidney & lung disease

58
Q

What are Acinis?

A

Extensions of myoepithelial cells that contract & squeeze the secretions through the ducts

59
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A
  1. Eccrine

2. Apocrine

60
Q

Eccrine

A

thermoregulation

61
Q

Apocrine

A

body odor

62
Q

What are the 4 primary types of connective tissues?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
63
Q

What are the three subtypes of the connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Dense regular connective tissue
  3. Dense irregular connective tissue
64
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibers that are loosely organized in the adipose tissue

65
Q

What are dense regular connective tissues?

A

Collagen fibers that are densely pack - little room for cells and ground substance: tendons & ligaments

66
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

67
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bones together at joints

68
Q

What are dense irregular connective tissues?

A

Collagen fibers not arranged in parallel bundles (tough capsules & sheaths around organs)

69
Q

Another name for Cartilage?

A

Gristle

70
Q

What type of cells does cartilage contain?

A

Chondrocytes

71
Q

What are the three concentric layers of the bone?

A

Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, & Osteoclasts

72
Q

What are Osteocytes?

A

small, inactive cells

73
Q

What are Osteoblasts?

A

bone-forming cells - small cuboidal

74
Q

What are Osteoclasts?

A

bone-removing cells - large cells with multiple nuclei

75
Q

What concentric layer of the bone is derived from the same precursor cells as macrophages?

A

Osteoclasts

76
Q

What is the largest organ in terms of surface area?

A

skin

77
Q

What is composed of the Dermis?

A

Blood vessels, nerve fibers, adipose cells, & WBCs

78
Q

Cell differentiation begins when?

A

during embryonic development, when the zygote divides to produce the 3 embryonic tissue layers (germs layers)

79
Q

What are the 3 embryonic tissue layers (germ layers)?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

80
Q

The 3 embryonic tissue layers give rise to what?

A

the 4 primary tissues

81
Q

Some other locations of stem cells:

A

the brain, skeletal muscles, & intestine

82
Q

What do stem cells form?

A

Keratinocytes

They migrate to the germinal matrix of the hair follicle and divide to form the hair shaft & root

83
Q

_ _ stimulate the migration of stem cells into the skin to promote healing

A

Skin wounds

84
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of internal constancy

- maintained by mechanisms that act through negative feedback loops

85
Q

What are the 3 interdependent components of homeostasis?

A

Receptor (sensor), control center (integrating center), & effector

86
Q

Negative feedback

A

depresses

87
Q

Positive feedback

A

enhances

88
Q

What does the negative feedback loop require?

A

Sensor & effector

89
Q

What two systems provide an extrinsic regulation of the systems?

A

Nervous & Endocrine

90
Q

T or F: Most positive feedback mechanisms are related to the maintenance of homeostasis.

A

False

91
Q

What is Oxytocin?

A

hypothalamic hormone that intensifies labor contractions during birth

92
Q

Blood clotting is what type of feedback mechanisms?

A

Positive

Anatomy (5 decks)

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