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Issues in Sexuality Exam #3 > Lecture #2 Biology? > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Biology? Flashcards

1
Q

Men who have gay brothers are ____times more likely to be gay themselves!

A

5x more likely to be gay themselves!

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2
Q

Women who have lesbian sisters are _____times more likely to be lesbian themselves!

A

3x more likley to be lesbian themselves!

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3
Q

is there familial aggregation for homosexuality?

A

YES!
Androphilic males have more androphilic male relatives (uncles, nephews, cousins) compared to gynaphilic males! Gay runs in the family apparently.

Gynaphilic females have 4X more gynaphilic relatives (sisters, aunts, nieces, cousins) compared to androphilic females. Lesbians run in the family apprently.

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4
Q

What are sibling studies consitant with?

A

they are consistent that homosexuality is genetic! For both men and women.

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5
Q

Homosexuals will have more …………

A

homsexual relatives!

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6
Q

are genetic influences on sexual orientation stronger for males or females?

A

genetic influences on sexual orientation are stronger for MALES than for females.

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7
Q

Are the concordance rates for twins being gay higher in identical or dyzygotic twins?

A

Concordance rates are higher if you are an indentical twin!
(8-12 times more likely to be gay if you identical twin is gay)
5-7 times more likely to be gay if your dyzygotic twin is gay).

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8
Q

what has the strongest influence on sexual orientation?

A

non-shared environment

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9
Q

what has moderate influences on sexual orientation?

A

genetics!

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10
Q

what has the lowest influence on sexual orientation?

A

shared environments have the weakest role in determining sexual orientation.

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11
Q

studies of identical twins but raised apart =

A

born together, reared apart.

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12
Q

Males 2 pairs both were _______________ for homosexuality

A

concordant!

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13
Q

Females 4 pairs, all were ____________for sexual orientation

A

discordanant!

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14
Q

What did the female pairs and the male pairs identical twin study reveal?

A

it suggests that if there is a genetic component for homosexuality, it is weaker for females than males!

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15
Q

What do molecular gene studes reveal?

A

-There is no single “gay gene”.
-It looks like there could be multiple genes involved.
-A number of chromosomal regions have been identified as being associated with male androphilia (gay dudes).

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16
Q

What are the chromosomal regions listed in the lecture that align and are associated with male androphilia?

A
  1. Xq28 (on the tip of the X chromosome).
    2.Pericentromeric (middle region of chromosome 8)
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17
Q

(FBOE) what does this stand for?

A

The fraternal birth order effect

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18
Q

what does the FBOD do?

A

The existence of older
biological brothers increases
the chances that their younger
brothers will be androphilic!

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19
Q

Each older brother increases
the odds of being gay by about__________%.

A

33%!

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20
Q

Will there be an affect from adoptive brothers given the FBOD?

A

No affect of adoptive brothers! Adoptive brothers = nonconcordant!

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21
Q

If I am a homosexual male, theres a good chance (on avergae) I have more of what?

A

more older biological brothers! (The more older biological brothers I have, the more likely it is that I will be gay!)

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22
Q

What does the FBOD prove?

A

that being gay might not be a social dilemma but a biological one!

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23
Q

FBOE has been documented in

A

many Western and non-Western cultures!

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24
Q

FBOE has been documented among

A

both cisgender and transgender
androphiles!

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25
Q

Maternal Immune Hypothesis, what is it? what are the steps? (4)

A
  • Sex chromosomes: XX & XY.
  • Males produce Y-linked proteins.
  • Y-linked proteins produced by male fetuses are recognized by mother’s bodies as antigens (foreign substances).
  • Maternal antibodies are then produced to neutralize the male-specific antigens.
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26
Q

The more male-baby pregnancies a women has………….

A

the more antibodies a women will have in her body, which equvalate to a higher percentage of having gay sons later on!

27
Q

what is the organizational/activational hypothesis?

A

Exposure (or lack of exposure) to testosterone during
critical prenatally or perinatally periods organizes the brain in a sexually dimorphic manner.

28
Q

What does testosterone do in the organizational/activational hypothesis?

A

Testosterone exposure masculinizes brain organization, and lack of exposure feminizes brain organization

29
Q

REMEMBER…

A

Exposure to sex steroid hormones at puberty activates this brain organization producing sex differences in behavior and psychology

30
Q

Sex-atypical levels of testosterone prenatally result in ..

A

sexatypical brain organization, including areas of the brain that regulate sexuality.
-> Under the influence of activation hormones, such individuals express same-sex sexual attraction and orientation.

31
Q

androgen =

A

testosterone

32
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia =

A

Females with CAH might have genitalia that appears different from what is expected for girls, early puberty, deepening voice, short height, acne, excessive facial or body hair, or menstrual irregularities.

33
Q

CAH women are exposed to:

A

exposed to elevated testosterone levels prenatally due
to an over-activation of the adrenal gland

34
Q

the more severe the CAH, the more…

A

Lesbian Fantasies that occur!

35
Q

CAH women exhibit elevated levels of gynephilia compared to their…

A

their control sisters! Sisters of CAH women who do not have the disorder.

36
Q

Increasing severity of CAH =

A

increasing sex atypicality!

37
Q

What happens when female fetuses are exposed to more testosterone, therefore rganizing their brains in a male typical manner…

A

masculination of the brain and body!
Cheryl Chasse for example!

38
Q

Index finger =

A

2D

39
Q

ring finger =

A

4D

40
Q

In terms of 2D 4D ratios, what is considered female typical?

A

high 2D 4D ratio! (longer index finger than ring finger)

41
Q

more exposure to androgen =

A

a lower 2D4D ratio! (shorter index finger relative to the ring finger)

42
Q

who has the highest 2D4D ratio?

A

heterosexual women!

43
Q

Do homosexual men and straight men show the same 2D4D ratios?

A

According to the graph, No difference in homosexual and heterosexual men!

44
Q

Do lesbians or heterosexual women have higher 2D4D ratios?

A

Heterowomen have higher 2D4Dratios! (longer index fingers compared to rng fingers).

45
Q

Explain the 2d4d ratio!

A

a lower 2D:4D indicates a higher level of prenatal testosterone exposure, a higher ratio reflects a lower exposure to testosterone

46
Q

In addition to the 2d4d androgen exposure biomarker, what is another biomarker we discussed in class realting to exposure to androgens?

A

otoacoustic emissions (OAE): Cochlea emits weak sounds.

47
Q

Less exposure to prenatal
androgen results in more….

A

otoacoustic emissions (OAE) postnatally. So women are hearing more of these sounds then men!

48
Q

who has higher amounts of otaacoustic emissions (OAE)? Hetero women or hetero men?

A

Heterowomen!

49
Q

otaacoustic emissions postnatally are higher when _______.

A

there was less exposure to prenatal androgens!

50
Q

Do lesbians or heterowomen have higher amounts of otaacoustic emissions?

A

Heterowomen! Lesbians were exposed to higherl evels of androgens prenatlly which lessen the liklihood of hearing these sounds!

51
Q

Do lesbian women have a lower 2D4D ratio compared to heterowmen?

A

YES!

52
Q

Is there a difference in the abilty to hear otaacoustic emissions between heteromen and homomen?

A

again, there is no difference in homosexual and
heterosexual men!

53
Q

Sexual orientation in animals is controlled by the….

A

hypothalamus! Specifically the medial preoptic area (mPOA) of the anterior hypothalamus plays a key role!

54
Q

What part of the hypothaluamus plays a key role in sexual orientation?

A

medial preoptic area (mPOA) of the anterior hypothalamus plays a key role!

55
Q

Who has a higher volume of INAH3?

A

straight men have larger INAH3 volumes!

56
Q

INAH3 is remarkably smaller in…

A

homosexual men and women. (women were more or less used as a control group).

57
Q

The volume of INAH3 in gay men is shifted in..

A

a female typical direction!

58
Q

What is (Ovis aries)?

A

domestic rams!

59
Q

What does oSDN stand for?

A

ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus

60
Q

what is oSDN?

A

a biomarker of androgen exposure!

61
Q

The larger volume of oSDN,

A

the more androgen/testosterone the individual was exposed to. So heterosexual rams would have the largest volume of oSDN!

62
Q

What does treating ewes with T prenatally do?

A

increases the oSDN to a male typical size!

63
Q
A

Issues in Sexuality Exam #3 (2 decks)

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