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Issues in Sexuality Exam #3 > Lecture #1 Animal Homosexuality > Flashcards

Lecture #1 Animal Homosexuality Flashcards

1
Q

______________of homosexual behavior has been reported in hundreds of animal species outside of captivity BUT _____________ homosexual
behavior has been reported in only a handful of species!

A

Instances, Routine

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2
Q

True/False: Only a few species engage in routine sexual behavior

A

True!

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3
Q

True/False: Has lot of homosexual behavior been reported amoung various species?

A

True! But only a handful of species engage in ROUTINE homosexual behavior!

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4
Q

What are some ways that homosexual behavior is displayed by animals?

A

-courtship/sexual solicitations
-mounting behaviors
-genital arousal (much easier to document in males obviously).
-penetration
-pair-bonding

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5
Q

What are the MAIN forms of sexual behavior that we are interested in for the focus of this lecture?

A
  • Mounting
  • Courtship/Sexual solicitations
  • Pair-bonding
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6
Q

behaviors that are sexual in form and used to facilitate
adaptive social goals is called what?

A

Sociosexual!

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7
Q

Animal homosexual behavior is frequently _____________.

A

sociosexual!

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8
Q

Behavior that looks like sex but the idea is that it is used as an adaptation to social goals.

A

sociosexual behaviors in animals!

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9
Q

What makes bonobos interesting in terms of same sex sexual behavior?

A

-Females do it!
-Genital:genital rubbing for about 15 seconds.
-Why? - context specific, sociosexual, achieving an adaptive social goal!

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10
Q

What about female female genital rubbing in bonobos is achieving an adaptive social goal?

A

Once the rubbing is complete, the “owner” of the fruit tree accepts the other female to share the fruit.

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11
Q

What are the four benefits of bonobos female genital rubbing?

A

-reduces social tension.
-enables fruit sharing.
-alliance formation.
-reconciliation.

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12
Q

Bononbos use genital rubbing to achieve……

A

various social goals!!!

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13
Q

homosexual behavior is common in animals, but is sexual orientation common as well?

A

NO, sexual orientation in animals is RARE!

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14
Q

Exclusive same-sex sexual orientation is
exceedingly…..

A

RARE in animals

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15
Q

What species of animal does everyone agree that displays homosexual orientation?

A

Domestic rams! Purely sexual behavior, not adaptive social reasons!

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16
Q

Does research on the homosexual rams correlate with social constructionist claims?

A

NO! This “Exclusive” sexual orientation in the rams emerges in ABSCENCE of human socialization or culture!

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17
Q

What percentage of domestic rams are male oriented?

A

7%!

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18
Q

When given a choice, do rams prefer to mounts ewes or other rams?

A

When given a choice, they court
and mount other rams, not ewes!

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19
Q

Is domestic ram homosexual behavior sociosexual?

A

NO! it is purely sexual in nature!

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20
Q

When japense macaques stare at each other, it is not considered normal social behavior, so when females start gazing at one another, it means it is….

A

Sexual!

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21
Q

When is a Japense macaques mating season?

A

Sept-March

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22
Q

What percentage of japense macques are exclusively homosexual?

A

0%. They have all mated/ shown sexual behavior towards/with a male at one point! (Kinsey scale 6)

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23
Q

What percentage of japense macaques are asexual?

A

0%! (Kinsey scale 7)

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24
Q

What kinsey scale number is the highest for distribution of females across the Kinsey scale?

A

Kinsey scale 1: 33% of them are mostly hetersexual.

25
Q

What percentage of female japense maques are exclusively heterosexual?

A

18% - kinsey scale 0 = 100% heterosexual.

26
Q

Is there any evidence that female japense macques homosexual behavior functions as an adaptation/sociosexual?

A

No Evidence that Female Homosexual Behavior in
Japanese Macaque Functions as an Adaption!

27
Q

Female japenese macaque homosexual behavior does not: (6 things)

A

≠ Attract opposite-sex mates (Gouzoules & Goy, 1983)
≠ Form alliances (Vasey, 1996)
≠ Obtain alloparental care (Vasey, 1998)
≠ Communicate about dominance (Vasey et al., 1998)
≠ Reduce social tension (Vasey, 2004)
≠ Reconcile conflicts (Vasey, 2004)

28
Q

What does staring usually mean in japense macques?

A

Wierd behavior. They think they are being threatened but when two females GAZE as each other, it means that they are acting sexual towards each other.

29
Q

Are there japenese macques that are 100% lesbian?

A

There are NO japenese macaques that are 100% lesbian!!

30
Q

Most female japenese macaques….

A

switch between sexual acts with males and females.

31
Q

What does the Evolutionary History of Female
Homosexual Behavior in Japanese Macaques suggest?

A

Female-female mounting (FFM) evolved as a neutral by-product of selection for FMM
and because females could mount and obtain sexual reward during mounts.

32
Q

What makes the japenese homosexual behavior so interesting?

A

It doesnt. solve social issues nor does it contribute to reproductive success! Why do they do it then? ->

33
Q

what does the model A for the Evolutionary History of Female Homosexual Behavior in Japanese Macaques suggest? (4 points)

A

1) Juvenile male-male mounting (JMMM) functions to capture the attention of play
partners and prolong play interactions
2) Female-male mounting (FMM) is an adaptation which females use to capture their
male consort partners’ attention and prolong mounting interactions
3) Females evolved the capacity to experience sexual reward during FMM
4) Female-female mounting (FFM) evolved as a neutral by-product of selection for FMM
and because females could mount and obtain sexual reward during mounts

34
Q

Why did female female mounting (homosexual behavior) evolve in female japenese macaques?

A

evolved as a byproduct!

35
Q

what does JMMM do?

A

juvenile male:male moutning should function to capture male attention and
facilitate play interactions!

36
Q

More than any other possible outcomes, what follows JMMM?

A

Play behavior!

37
Q

For JMMM, does approaches by mounters occur more often from outside the mountee’s field of vision
than from within?

A

YES! More often, the mounter will apprach the mountee when the mountee cannot see him! “Sneaky”

38
Q

FMM should have design features for capturing male
attention & facilitate MFM..what are the steps? (6 steps)

A
  • FMM is triggered when males are distracted
  • FMM renders males immobile (“dead-weights”)
  • Females reposition themselves in front of males,
    thus, facilitating subsequent MFM
  • FMM shortens time to subsequent MFM
  • FMM prompts MFM after lower intensity sexual
    solicitations have failed (“super-solicitations”)
  • FMM ceases when the male ejaculates
39
Q

why do males accept being mounted by females?

A

it already evolved in step #1! (Male male juvenile mounting!)

40
Q

what percentage of FMM involve stimulation of the vulvar/perineal/anal region

A

45% of FMM involve stimulation of
the vulvar/perineal/anal region. (She rubs herself while mouting the male). WTF lol

41
Q

what percentage of FFM involce stimulation of the vulvar/perineal/anal region?

A

78% of FFM involve stimulation of
the vulvar/perineal/anal region!

42
Q

Both _______ and _________ should involve sexual reward!

A

FMM and FFM!

43
Q

Are FMM & FFM structurally similar?

A

FMM & FFM should be structurally similar!
Eshkol–Wachman Movement Notation indicates FMM and FFM do not differ in terms of
structural kinematics!

44
Q

When FMM is abscent, does FFM still occur?

A

NO! FFM should not occur in the absence of FMM.
-> Of 14 populations surveyed, none
exists in which FFM occurs in the
absence of FMM.

Female:female mounting does NOT exsist in isolation!

45
Q

Can FMM exsist without FFM?

A

YES! Three populations exist in which
FMM exists without FFM

46
Q

can facultative same-sex partner preference
subsequently emerge among females? what are the reasons if so?

A

YES!
* Females sometimes choose female mates over males
* FFM is unrelated to male availability
* FFM may allow for more sexual reward than MFM
* FFM is safer than MFM.

47
Q

What are “low-response” rams?

A

rams who show little interest in estregous ewes.

48
Q

what is concluded in Zenchak’s study?

A

the failure of some adult rams to mate estrogous ewes is a consequence of their preference for rams for sexual partners instead of ewes.

49
Q

sex-like behaior means what?

A

gay ram behavior.

50
Q

what was the purpose of Zenchak’s study?

A
  1. to determine whether or not object of adult sexual preference had in fact been altered by experimental factors.
  2. to evaluate the social behavior of these rams in situations that are likely to be encountered during breeding.
51
Q

four behaviors exhitbited by the test ram toward each tethered animal was recorded…(4 instances) ->

A
  1. time within the circumscribed area around each tethered animal.
  2. the grumbling vocalization of courtship.
  3. mounts
  4. agonistic behavior
52
Q

What did the choice tests (Part A study) conducted by Zenchak et al. (1981) involve?

A
53
Q

When LPR and EE were the choices, all four normal rams…

A

preferred the ewe wheras all 4 low response rams prefferred the ram!

54
Q

Normal rams preffered..

A

the estregous ewes!

55
Q

Low response rams preferred the..

A

ram!

56
Q

Was the low response rams interested in the ewes at all?

A

no!

57
Q

in part B, what was the results?

A

normal rams exhibited courtship behavior towards both rams and ewes but low response rams only were interested and displayed courtship behavior towards other rams.

58
Q

True or false: was the interfering rams much more higher up on the social rank than the interacting rams?

A

True!

59
Q
A

Issues in Sexuality Exam #3 (2 decks)

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