Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > Lecture 2: Basic Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Basic Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is essential for diagnosis and treatment of disorders?

A

Knowing which brain structures are affected by disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the human brain?

A

To process multiple sensory signals from the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What processes the multiple sensory signals from the external environment in the human brain?

A

The four cortical lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the 4 cortical lobes do with the sensory signals it receives from the external environment?

A

It processes the sensory info and sends it to the motor cortex to generate motor commands and movements which constitute behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the ultimate goal of the nervous system?

A

To generate motor actions that constitute behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which brain regions are recruited when playing violin?

A

The auditory system and auditory cortex and is passed down to the frontal cortex and the premotor and primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is significant about playing the violin?

A

Multiple brain regions are recruited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is it a challenge to diagnose and locate the site of function when something goes down in the brain regions?

A

Because multiple brain regions are used for different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Plasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to adapt and take over when a different portion of the brain is damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 5 major subdivisions of the CNS?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
  • Spinal Cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the parts of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two main Sulci of the brain?

A
  • Central Sulcus

* Lateral Sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the Central Sulcus separate?

A

The frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the Lateral Sulcus separate?

A

The frontal lobe and the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sulci: ______; Gyri:_______

A

Sulci: Grooves
Gyri: Crests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the Precentral Gyrus contain?

A

The Primary Motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the Postcentral Gyrus contain?

A

The primary somatosensory cortex (sensation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Short term memory
  • Behavioral organization and planning
  • Memory retrieval
  • Distinguishing reality vs. falsity
  • Shaping Personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What occurred surrounding the Phineas Gage case?

A

His frontal lobe was damaged cause a change in his personality causing him to be an unpleasant person. This case played a major role in developing our understanding of the localization of brain functions and the frontal lobe in personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the Parietal lobe?

A
  • Somatosensation
  • Visuomotor guidance of behavior (ex. recognition of object location and orientation)
  • Attention
  • Body awareness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for visuomotor guidance of behavior?

A

The parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are examples of the visuomotor guidance of behavior?

A

Recognition of an object location or orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two major pathways for Visual Processing?

A
  • Dorsal stream

* Ventral stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where does the Dorsal Stream end?

A

In the parietal association cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where does the Ventral stream end?

A

In the temporal association cortex in the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where do both visual processing pathways originate?

A

The Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where in the brain is V1 located?

A

The occipital cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do visual signals from the eyes go?

A

V1

29
Q

What is the Dorsal stream important for?

A

Vision for action

30
Q

What does damage to the dorsal stream do?

A

Disrupts visuomotor tasks involving actions linked to object locations ex. Reaching for an object

31
Q

What is Optic Ataxia?

A

A disorder in translating vision into action

32
Q

Which stream is object ataxia associated with?

A

The Dorsal Stream

33
Q

What occurs when the cells of the parietal cortex are monitored in a monkey looking at a fixed point with a stimulus off to the side?

A

When the monkey is not attending to the visual stimulus there are mild action potentials. When the monkey looks at the stimulus there is more intense firing. When the monkey touches the stimulus, there is most intense firing

34
Q

What does the monkey with the stimulus tell us?

A

That the posterior parietal lobe can be activated by attention and action

35
Q

What can the posterior parietal lobe be activated by?

A

Attention and action

36
Q

What is a characteristic of optic ataxia?

A

Difficulties with visually guided reaching and grasping. What a person sees can not be coordinated with motor movement

37
Q

What are things that a person with optic ataxia may do?

A

They may not form their hand properly clasp an object or they may orient their hand in the wrong way to fit through a slot

38
Q

What was the problem with RV who has Optic Ataxia?

A

She couldn’t perform visually guided reaching properly but she perform manual estimation without reaching. She couldn’t use visual information from her eyes to control movement

39
Q

What is the Ventral Stream important for?

A

Vision for Perception (object recognition)

40
Q

What does Damage to the inferior temporal lobe cause?

A

Impaired recognition of objects

41
Q

What is Visual form agnosia?

A

Damage to the inferior temporal lobe that impair recognition of objects

42
Q

Damage to which part of the brain causes visual form agnosia?

A

The inferior temporal lobe

43
Q

Which stream is visual form agnosia associated with?

A

The ventral stream

44
Q

What did patient DF with visual form agnosia do?

A

They had no problem reaching to put a disk in its place but they had issues matching the orientation of the disk to a slot

45
Q

Injury to which part of the brain results in visual agnosia?

A

The medioventral temporal cortex

46
Q

How do people with injury to the medioventral temporal cortex (visual agnosia) function with recognizing and drawing images?

A

Some can copy images fine but are unable to identify them and some were unable to copy images but could draw them from memory

47
Q

Why aren’t some people with visual form agnosia able to copy a picture but can draw it from memory?

A

Because they have no conscious experience of vision but are able to imagine an object

48
Q

Which stream is visual agnosia associated with?

A

The ventral stream

49
Q

What is altered in visual form agnosia?

A

Perception (like object recognition and how we see things)

50
Q

What is intact in visual form agnosia?

A

Action

51
Q

What does damage to the ventral stream cause?

A

Visual form agnosia

52
Q

What is altered with Optic Ataxia?

A

Action

53
Q

What is intact in optic ataxia?

A

Perception

54
Q

Which stream is damaged in optic ataxia?

A

The dorsal stream

55
Q

What does damage to the dorsal stream cause?

A

Optic Ataxia

56
Q

What does Hemineglect result from?

A

Unilateral damage to the parietal lobe

57
Q

What is hemineglect?

A

When an individual ignores one half of their visual space

58
Q

What is the Hippocampus important for?

A
  • Learning and remembering facts and events
  • Spatial navigation
  • Forming associative memories of spatial and non-spatial information
59
Q

What are associative memories?

A

When we make an association between events occuring in close timing

60
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A
  • Emotional expression
  • Forming proper associations between emotions and behavior situations
  • Fear learning
61
Q

What does damage to the hippocampus cause?

A

Anterograde amnesia and impaired consolidation of memory

62
Q

What is Anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to make new memories

63
Q

What are intact with damage to the hippocamus?

A

Old memories and motor skills

64
Q

Why are old memories intact with anterograde amnesia?

A

Because they are stored in the neocortical regions

65
Q

Why are motor skills still intact with damage to the hippocampus?

A

Because they are stored outside the hippocampus

66
Q

What is enough to cause anterograde amnesia?

A

Damage to the CA1 alone

67
Q

What does the hippocampus of an individual with Alzheimer’s look like?

A

They have a massive loss of neurons in CA1

68
Q

What is Urbach-Wiethe Disease?

A

The calcification of the amygdala and medial temporal lobes

69
Q

What occurs in Urbach-Wiethe disease?

A

There is a failure to process fearful expressions

Neuro (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions