Lecture 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Neurology?

A

The medical specialty encompassing diseases, conditions and infections of the nervous system

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2
Q

What is Neurology usually associated with?

A

Physical changes in the nervous system. A biological or organic change in the nervous system

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3
Q

What is Psychiatry?

A

A medical specialty encompassing the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses and includes addiction and substance abuse disorders

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4
Q

What changes in the NS are seen in Psychiatry?

A

Physical changes in the NS are not usually obvious

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5
Q

What is Neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of the brain and nervous system

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6
Q

What century did the scientific studies on the brain occur?

A

The 17th century

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7
Q

When did the scientific study of the brain branch into neurology and psychiatry?

A

Between the 19th and 20th centuries

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8
Q

What century was Clinical neuroscience developed?

A

The 21st century

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9
Q

When was the Society for Neuroscience formed?

A

1969

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10
Q

What was the first early idea about brain function in ~300 BC?

A

People recognized that the brain is the major controlling center in the body as opposed to the heart

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11
Q

What did Galen do in ~100 BC?

A
  • Galen examined brains by vivisections in animals and introduced the idea of spirits (pneumata) circulating between liver, heart and brain and produced movement
  • The seat of the rational soul was in the brain
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12
Q

Who was Al-Zahrawi?

A
  • Pioneer of neurosurgery

* First description of surgery to relieve hydrocephalus

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13
Q

Who was Avicenna?

A
  • The father of modern medicine
  • The Cannon of Medicine (medical encyclopedia)
  • Early identification of schizophrenia
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14
Q

What did Andreus Vesalius do?

A
  • Founded modern anatomy

* Discovered that critical features of Galen’s anatomy were incorrect

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15
Q

What gland did Descartes put emphasis on?

A

The pineal gland

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16
Q

What three major concepts were promoted by Descartes?

A
  • Only humans have a thinking mind
  • Dualism
  • Mind and body interact in the pineal gland
17
Q

What does Dualism presented by Descartes say?

A

Mind and Body are separate

18
Q

How did Descartes suggest mind and body interact in the pineal gland?

A

Movement of the gland direct the flow of spirits through the nervous system

19
Q

What was proven about all of Descartes concepts?

A

They were all false

20
Q

What was the Renaissance driven by?

A

The idea that natural laws can explain the working of the material world

21
Q

What did Luigi Galvani do?

A

Obtained indirect evidence for intrinsic electrical activity in the nervous system

22
Q

Who was the founder of modern neurology?

A

Jean-Martin Charcot

23
Q

What are some things that Jean-Martin Charcot did?

A
  • Carefully examined nervous systems in post mortems

* Described/classified features of many disorders (MS, parkinsons, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

24
Q

What did Santiago Ramon y Cajal do?

A
  • Golgi staining to reveal the structure of individual nerve cells
  • Concept of unidirectional flow of information along nerve cells
25
What did Charles Sherrington say?
* Behaviour could be explained by networks of neurons * Said the complex behaviours could be reduced to simpler components * Discovered inhibition in the nervous system * Introduced the term synapse
26
What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov?
Food
27
What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov?
Salivation
28
What is the Conditioned stimulus in pavlov?
The Bell
29
What is the Conditioned Response in Pavlov?
Salivation
30
What kind of conditioning does skinner box cause?
Operant conditioning
31
What does a Skinner Box do?
Delivers a reinforcers after a desired response. This reinforced behavior that is closer to the target behavior
32
What is important about Rita Levi-Montalcini?
She identified NGF as critical for neuronal survival and outgrowth
33
What was Milner Important for?
* Foundational studies on the brain and behavior * Patient HM, the man who couldn't make new memories * Importance of the hippocampus for the formation of new memories
34
What was Barres important for?
Foundational studies on the importance of glia for proper CNS function