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Neuro > Lecture 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Neurology?

A

The medical specialty encompassing diseases, conditions and infections of the nervous system

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2
Q

What is Neurology usually associated with?

A

Physical changes in the nervous system. A biological or organic change in the nervous system

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3
Q

What is Psychiatry?

A

A medical specialty encompassing the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses and includes addiction and substance abuse disorders

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4
Q

What changes in the NS are seen in Psychiatry?

A

Physical changes in the NS are not usually obvious

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5
Q

What is Neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of the brain and nervous system

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6
Q

What century did the scientific studies on the brain occur?

A

The 17th century

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7
Q

When did the scientific study of the brain branch into neurology and psychiatry?

A

Between the 19th and 20th centuries

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8
Q

What century was Clinical neuroscience developed?

A

The 21st century

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9
Q

When was the Society for Neuroscience formed?

A

1969

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10
Q

What was the first early idea about brain function in ~300 BC?

A

People recognized that the brain is the major controlling center in the body as opposed to the heart

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11
Q

What did Galen do in ~100 BC?

A
  • Galen examined brains by vivisections in animals and introduced the idea of spirits (pneumata) circulating between liver, heart and brain and produced movement
  • The seat of the rational soul was in the brain
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12
Q

Who was Al-Zahrawi?

A
  • Pioneer of neurosurgery

* First description of surgery to relieve hydrocephalus

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13
Q

Who was Avicenna?

A
  • The father of modern medicine
  • The Cannon of Medicine (medical encyclopedia)
  • Early identification of schizophrenia
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14
Q

What did Andreus Vesalius do?

A
  • Founded modern anatomy

* Discovered that critical features of Galen’s anatomy were incorrect

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15
Q

What gland did Descartes put emphasis on?

A

The pineal gland

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16
Q

What three major concepts were promoted by Descartes?

A
  • Only humans have a thinking mind
  • Dualism
  • Mind and body interact in the pineal gland
17
Q

What does Dualism presented by Descartes say?

A

Mind and Body are separate

18
Q

How did Descartes suggest mind and body interact in the pineal gland?

A

Movement of the gland direct the flow of spirits through the nervous system

19
Q

What was proven about all of Descartes concepts?

A

They were all false

20
Q

What was the Renaissance driven by?

A

The idea that natural laws can explain the working of the material world

21
Q

What did Luigi Galvani do?

A

Obtained indirect evidence for intrinsic electrical activity in the nervous system

22
Q

Who was the founder of modern neurology?

A

Jean-Martin Charcot

23
Q

What are some things that Jean-Martin Charcot did?

A
  • Carefully examined nervous systems in post mortems

* Described/classified features of many disorders (MS, parkinsons, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

24
Q

What did Santiago Ramon y Cajal do?

A
  • Golgi staining to reveal the structure of individual nerve cells
  • Concept of unidirectional flow of information along nerve cells
25
Q

What did Charles Sherrington say?

A
  • Behaviour could be explained by networks of neurons
  • Said the complex behaviours could be reduced to simpler components
  • Discovered inhibition in the nervous system
  • Introduced the term synapse
26
Q

What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov?

A

Food

27
Q

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov?

A

Salivation

28
Q

What is the Conditioned stimulus in pavlov?

A

The Bell

29
Q

What is the Conditioned Response in Pavlov?

A

Salivation

30
Q

What kind of conditioning does skinner box cause?

A

Operant conditioning

31
Q

What does a Skinner Box do?

A

Delivers a reinforcers after a desired response. This reinforced behavior that is closer to the target behavior

32
Q

What is important about Rita Levi-Montalcini?

A

She identified NGF as critical for neuronal survival and outgrowth

33
Q

What was Milner Important for?

A
  • Foundational studies on the brain and behavior
  • Patient HM, the man who couldn’t make new memories
  • Importance of the hippocampus for the formation of new memories
34
Q

What was Barres important for?

A

Foundational studies on the importance of glia for proper CNS function

Neuro (6 decks)

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