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Biol 200 > Lecture 2 - Basic molecular mechanisms and nuclei acids > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Basic molecular mechanisms and nuclei acids Flashcards

1
Q

4 molecular genetic processes

A
  1. Transcription 2. RNA processing 3. Translation 4. Replication
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2
Q

Where 4 molecular genetic processes occur

A

Transcription + RNA processing + Replication = In nucleus. Translation = In cytosol

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3
Q

4 cell cycle phases

A

M, G1, S, G2 , M, …

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4
Q

M cell cycle phase (2 things)

A

Mitosis (nuclear division) and Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)

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5
Q

G1 phase (key event)

A

Growth + Transcription initiation

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6
Q

S

A

DNA replication

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7
Q

G2 (nothing in particular)

A

?

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8
Q

DNA : what it contains and where info is stored

A
  1. Contains all info required to build CELLS and TISSUES of an organism
  2. Info stored in UNITS called GENES
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9
Q

Transcription definition

A

Information stored in DNA is copied into RNA for eventual use

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10
Q

Translation definition

A

Process where info is used to create a protein of specific amino acid sequence

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11
Q

DNA/RNA basic definition (biochem)

A

Linear polymers of monomers called nucleotides

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12
Q

Nucleotides (what is it)

A

pentose phosphate (which backbones deoxyribose in DNA/ribose in RNA) + purin (A G) or pyrimidin base (T C U)

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13
Q

Why DNA more stable (2 reasons) than RNA

A
  1. Double stranded. H bonds 2. No hydroxyl on carbon 2’. Hydroxyde catalizes slow hydrolisis of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides at neutral PH
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14
Q

Effect of base pair composition

A

DNA more stable if higher % of G-C base pairs because G-C = 3 H bonds and A-T = 2 H bonds so breaking it down is more energy requiring

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15
Q

What would be optimal for high transcription

A

A-T rich DNA (less energy requiring)

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16
Q

Directionality explanation

A

Free 5’ phosphate at one end. Free 3’ hydroxyl at other hand. 2 Antiparallel strands

17
Q

Phosphodiester bond (what is it)

A

Link between 3’ hydroxyl group of one base to 5’ phosphate group of adjacent base

18
Q

Natural pair bonding (RNA and DNA) and why + name

A

A-T (DNA) and A-U (RNA) (cause 2 H bonds) and G-C(cause 3 H bonds) (Watson-Crick base pairing)

19
Q

Exceptions to natural pair bonding (2)

A
  1. G-T and C-T possible (fits within double helix) and possible in artificial DNA in lab
  2. G-U exists in double-helical regions of RNA (can exist if this form of RNA occurs)
20
Q

Groove definition

A

Space between two intertwined strands

21
Q

Particularities of A DNA if compared to B DNA (3)

A
  1. Obtained when most of water is removed from DNA (under lab condition)
  2. Wider + deeper major groove, More narrow and shallow minor groove
  3. RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA exists in A DNA form in cells and in vitro
22
Q

Why DNA flexible

A

No H bonds parallel to its long axis

23
Q

What can bend DNA

A

DNA binding proteins

24
Q

DNA bending advantage

A

Necessary for it to be packed in chromatin

25
Q

TBP ? what does it do

A

TATA box-binding protein. Must attach to promoters to most of the eukaryotic genes in order to transcript them. (Bends and untwists DNA)

26
Q

how transcription initiated

A

promoters in genes

27
Q

who absorbs more UV light ssDNA or dsDNA

A

ssDNA

28
Q

what stabilizes dsDNA and allows it to exist at higher Temp.

A

G-C base pairs

29
Q

How to denature dsDNA. what phenomenon do theses conditions influence ?

A
  1. Raise Temp. 2. Extremes of pH. 3. Reducing ionic concentration 4. Agents that destabilize hydrogen bonds (formamide or urea). Nucleic acid hybridization depends upon these properties.
30
Q

how to renature ssDNA (+ one condition)

A

Reverse conditions (low temp, normal pH, high ionic conentration). + Renaturation depends upon base-pairing so a complementary strand/sequence must exist.

31
Q

Name of process by which ssDNA (or RNA) anneals to complementary DNA or RNA

A

Nucleic acid hybridization

32
Q

What form of DNA appears in prokaryotes and viruses. Two forms and enzyme that changes them.

A

Circular. Supercoiled to relaxed circle (Topoisomerase 1)

33
Q

How replication initiated

A

Complexes attract enzymes. Chromatory modelling complexes recruited to replication site and make DNA accessible.

34
Q

Why DNA flexible

A

No H bonds along its axis

35
Q

Difference between RNA and DNA 3D structure formation

A

DNA : By interacting with proteins

RNA : Reacts with itself

36
Q

Specific structures of RNA (3) and how they form

A

Some regions base-pair to form 1. Hairpin 2. Stem-loop (with double-helical stem region) and 3. Pseudoknot (2 stems and 2 loops)

Biol 200 (30 decks)

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