Lecture 2 - ANS Flashcards
when SNS and PNS are active together a lot
can lead to cardivascular problems
burnout
IBS
indexes of SNS activity
organs that are not dually innervated
not dually innervated organs
blood vessels
sweat glands
adrenal medulla
heart muscle
pulmonary artery
pump deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs
aorta
pumps oxygenated blood through the whole body
left vs right ventricle
left is stronger because it has the larger cycle
the whole body
blood vessel sizes large to small
arteries, arterioles, capillaries
veins, venues
the smaller the lower the pressure
orthostatic hypertension
dizziness after standing up
normal
e. g. dehydration can make it worse
problems from chronic hypertension
cardiovascular accidents
e. g. vessel in brain disrupting = stroke
retina problems
kidney problems
SNS effect on vessels
contraction
-> higher pressure when flow is constant
PNS effect on vessels
dilation
SNS and heart
pumps more blood
pulsatile aspect of blood pressure
systole = pumping
diastole = relaxation
“systole over diastole”
measuring artial blood pressure
arm cuff
looking for Korotkov sound
either by ear or with device
Korotkov sounds
sound of turbulence of blood through narrow vessels
diastole is reached if there are no sounds anymore
calculate arterial pressure
2/3 diastole
1/3 systole
because systole is shorter
age and blood pressure
increases
due to lower flexibility in vessels
e. g. things being stuck in vessels
problem blood pressure measuring
white coat effect
blood pressure measurement reliability
doctor’s office not predicitive
ambulatory, 24h and sleep relatively predictive
is blood pressure a pure SNS measure
no, SN and AV are inverted by SNS as well as PNS
QRS
the ventricular contraction
very visible
very informative
PEP
preejection period
LVEP
left ventricular ejection time
time ventricle is open and blood is flowing out
SNS and PEP
get shorter
aortic valve opens earlier
impedance cardiography
resistance in thorax measured
informative about lung and heart
liquid = blood conduct better
sawtooth pattern in impedance
= variation created by the heartbeat
plotting in impedance cardiography
frist derivative
= rate of change over time
ensemble averaging
multiple inferences taken and average
reduces noise
best indicator in ECG signal
R
always very clear
Q
start of
PEP
R
peak of PEP
B
end of PEP
start of LVET
Z
peak of LVET
vagal activity
increases PNS
during each breathing cycle
SNS and breathing
no effect
spirometry
records breathing
either analogue with pipes
or modern and portable with rotor
modern also measures oxygen and CO2
alternative breathing measurement
elastic bands stretched by thorax or belly
RSA
respiratory sinus arrhythmia form of heart rate variability by PNS during inhalation faster heart beat shortest at inhalation peak longest at exhalation peak measure of PNS activity
