Lecture 2 - ANS

Question 1

when SNS and PNS are active together a lot

Answer 1

can lead to cardivascular problems
burnout
IBS

Question 2

indexes of SNS activity

Answer 2

organs that are not dually innervated

Question 3

not dually innervated organs

Answer 3

blood vessels
sweat glands
adrenal medulla
heart muscle

Question 4

pulmonary artery

Answer 4

pump deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs

Question 5

aorta

Answer 5

pumps oxygenated blood through the whole body

Question 6

left vs right ventricle

Answer 6

left is stronger because it has the larger cycle

the whole body

Question 7

blood vessel sizes large to small

Answer 7

arteries, arterioles, capillaries
veins, venues

the smaller the lower the pressure

Question 8

orthostatic hypertension

Answer 8

dizziness after standing up
normal
e. g. dehydration can make it worse

Question 9

problems from chronic hypertension

Answer 9

cardiovascular accidents
e. g. vessel in brain disrupting = stroke
retina problems
kidney problems

Question 10

SNS effect on vessels

Answer 10

contraction

-> higher pressure when flow is constant

Question 11

PNS effect on vessels

Answer 11

dilation

Question 12

SNS and heart

Answer 12

pumps more blood

Question 13

pulsatile aspect of blood pressure

Answer 13

systole = pumping
diastole = relaxation
“systole over diastole”

Question 14

measuring artial blood pressure

Answer 14

arm cuff
looking for Korotkov sound
either by ear or with device

Question 15

Korotkov sounds

Answer 15

sound of turbulence of blood through narrow vessels

diastole is reached if there are no sounds anymore

Question 16

calculate arterial pressure

Answer 16

2/3 diastole
1/3 systole
because systole is shorter

Question 17

age and blood pressure

Answer 17

increases
due to lower flexibility in vessels
e. g. things being stuck in vessels

Question 18

problem blood pressure measuring

Answer 18

white coat effect

Question 19

blood pressure measurement reliability

Answer 19

doctor’s office not predicitive

ambulatory, 24h and sleep relatively predictive

Question 20

is blood pressure a pure SNS measure

Answer 20

no, SN and AV are inverted by SNS as well as PNS

Question 21

QRS

Answer 21

the ventricular contraction
very visible
very informative

Question 22

PEP

Answer 22

preejection period

Question 23

LVEP

Answer 23

left ventricular ejection time

time ventricle is open and blood is flowing out

Question 24

SNS and PEP

Answer 24

get shorter

aortic valve opens earlier

Question 25

impedance cardiography

Answer 25

resistance in thorax measured
informative about lung and heart
liquid = blood conduct better

Question 26

sawtooth pattern in impedance

Answer 26

= variation created by the heartbeat

Question 27

plotting in impedance cardiography

Answer 27

frist derivative

= rate of change over time

Question 28

ensemble averaging

Answer 28

multiple inferences taken and average

reduces noise

Question 29

best indicator in ECG signal

Answer 29

R

always very clear

Question 30

Q

Answer 30

start of

PEP

Question 31

R

Answer 31

peak of PEP

Question 32

B

Answer 32

end of PEP

start of LVET

Question 33

Z

Answer 33

peak of LVET

Question 34

vagal activity

Answer 34

increases PNS

during each breathing cycle

Question 35

SNS and breathing

Answer 35

no effect

Question 36

spirometry

Answer 36

records breathing
either analogue with pipes
or modern and portable with rotor
modern also measures oxygen and CO2

Question 37

alternative breathing measurement

Answer 37

elastic bands stretched by thorax or belly

Question 38

RSA

Answer 38

respiratory sinus arrhythmia 
form of heart rate variability 
by PNS  
during inhalation faster heart beat
shortest at inhalation peak
longest at exhalation peak
measure of PNS activity