Lecture 2

Question 1

Theory of Miasma?

Answer 1

polluted water and lack of proper waste disposal spread communicable diseases

Question 2

when did the practice of vaccination become prevalent?

Answer 2

1820’s - after Edward Jenner treated small pox

Question 3

what theory did John Snow believe in?

Answer 3

germ theory

not Miasma theory

Question 4

when did modern era of public health begin?

Answer 4

1880’s with Louis Pasteur’s germ theory and productions of artificial vaccines.

Question 5

**what is total fertility?

Answer 5

mean number of children born per woman

Question 6

**what is crude birth rate?

Answer 6

number of children born in a given years per 1,000 population

Question 7

**what is age adjusted fertility rate?

Answer 7

number of live births per 1,000 women 15-44 years old or some other defined age group

Question 8

**what is crude death rate?

Answer 8

the number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people

Question 9

**what is infant mortality rate (IMR)?

Answer 9

number of deaths among infants in the first year of life per 1,000 live births

Question 10

**what is adult mortality rate?

Answer 10

the number of deaths over a years per 100,000 in a population

Question 11

**what is maternal mortality rate?

Answer 11

deaths attributed to childbirth, pregnancy, contraception and aborption per 100,000 live births

Question 12

**what is the population formula?

Answer 12

P1 + B - D +/- M = P2

P1 - population size at time 1
B - births
D - deaths
M - net migration ("in" minus "out")
P2 - population size at time 2

Question 13

What are the developmental Transitions?

Answer 13

demographic
epidemiologic
health

Question 14

what is demographic transition?

Answer 14

As societies undergo the shift from rural agricultural economics to urban industrialized one, population processes follow a predictable course of change

Question 15

What is epidemiologic transition?

Answer 15

corresponsing changes that occur in the pattern of diseses that dominate the health profile of society

Question 16

what is health transition?

Answer 16

seeks to understand the cultural social and behavioral determinants of health that underlie the epidemiologic transition

Question 17

what makes up the demographic transition?

Answer 17

pre transition
transition period
post transition

Question 18

demographic transition - what is the pre transition?

Answer 18

characterized by high rates of fertility and mortality, particularly infant and child mortality, producing moderate rates of population growth

Question 19

demographic transition - what is transition periods?

Answer 19

death rates begin to drecrease in response to improvements in living conditions and health care btu fertility remains high

Question 20

demographic transition - what is post transition?

Answer 20

fertility decreases in response to decreased mortality, producing low growth rates

Question 21

epidemiologic transition - what is pre transition?

Answer 21

characterized by high rates fo infection diseases, including diarrheal, respiratory and parassitic diseases, coupled with poor nutrition, leads to excess death in the younger age groups

Question 22

epidemiologic transition - what is transition?

Answer 22

as infection and disease decline, more children survive to adulthood

Question 23

epidemiologic transition - what is post transition?

Answer 23

life expectancy increases and chronic disease becomes a major health problem

Question 24

what are the leading determinants of health?

Answer 24

• pure genetic diseases
• social circumstances
• environmental conditions
• behavioral choices
• medical care