Lecture 2

Question 1

Whats epithelial tissue?

Answer 1

Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands and serve for protection, secretion and absorption.

Question 2

Whats connective tissue?

Answer 2

Tissue with more matrix than cell volume, often specialised to support bind together and protect organs

Question 3

What’s nervous tissue?

Answer 3

Tissue containing excited cells for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells

Question 4

Whats muscular tissue?

Answer 4

Tissue composed of elongated, excitable cells specialised for contraction

Question 5

Whats Osteology?

Answer 5

The study of bone

Question 6

What tissue does the skeletal system consist of?

Answer 6

Bone - osseous tissue has a matrix that is hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals
Cartilage - forerunner of most bone; covers bones at joint surfaces
Ligament - holds different bones together at joints

Question 7

What is the function of the skeleton? 6

Answer 7

Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance -stores calcium and phosphate ions and releases them into fluid according to physiological needs
Acid-base balance - buffers the blood against excessive pH needs by absorbing and releasing alkaline salts.
Blood formation - red bone marrow is a major producer of blood cells.

Question 8

What are the types of bones?

Answer 8

• long bones
• short bones
• flat bones
• irregular bones

Question 9

What are the features of long bones? 5 marks

Answer 9

• Hard shell of compact bone
• medullary/ marrow cavity
  Bone marrow in centre
  Spongy bone at ends
• diaphysis - shaft, provides leverage
• epiphysis - large surface area for articulation
• Epiphyseal line - region of bone growth

Question 10

Features of flat bones 3m

Answer 10

• Diploe serves to absorb impact and prevents fractures of inner compact bone
• periosteum on both sides
• endosteum lining the diploe

Question 11

What are the types of bone cells and what are there uses? 8

Answer 11

Osteoprogenitor cells- precursor to osteoblasts, growth factors.

Osteoblasts- build bone, non mitotic, synthesise organic bone matrix, increase response to mechanical stress

Osteocytes - branches communicate and sense mechanical stress.

Osteoclasts- reabsorb bone .

Question 12

Whats bone matrix made of? 6

Answer 12

It’s made if 1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic substance

Organic:
- collagen
- proteins
Gives it flexibility

Inorganic

• 85% hydroxyapatite (crystallised calcium phosphate) , 10% calcium carbonate
• allows load bearing without deformation
• laid down when solubility product is exceeded

Question 13

What is calcium in the body responsible for? 5

Answer 13

• neuron communication
• muscle contraction
• blood clotting
• cell signalling
• co-factor of enzymes

Question 14

What happens when there’s low blood calcium?

Answer 14

• Excessive excitability of the nervous system, muscle spasms, tremors, tenany

Question 15

What happens when there’s high blood calcium?

Answer 15

-depression of the nervous system, muscle weakness, emotional disturbance, sluggish reflexes and cardiac arrest.