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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

Anatomy is the structure of living things

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

Physiology is the function of living things.

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3
Q

How can anatomy be studied? 5 marks

A 
Inspection 
Dissection 
Exploratory surgery
Gross anatomy- the appearance 
Histology- microscopic levels
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4
Q

What are our chordate characteristics? 4m

A

( the ones only found in an embryo and foetus)

  • pharyngeal arches; series of bulges that develop in the throat region
  • a tail that extends beyond the anus
  • notochod - flexible rod which is only found in embryo’s
  • Dorsal- nerve cord , nervous tissue which passes the upper side of the body which eventually persists as the spinal cord.
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5
Q

What are our vertebrate characteristics? 4m

A
  • internal skeleton
  • well developed brain and sense organs
  • spine
  • cranium- protective bony enclosure brain
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6
Q

What are other vertebrates?

A

Fish, reptiles, birds, mammals

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7
Q

What are our mammalian characteristics? 5m

A
  • nourishing young with milk
  • Hair- retains body heat
  • endothermy - ability to generate heat through metabolic means
  • heterodonty- various types of teeth, rapid digestion
  • single lower jaw bone
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8
Q

How many animals are mammals, and what are some examples?

A

< 0.2% are mammals

Rats horses
Dogs
Monkeys

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of primates? 4m

A
  • 4 upper and 4 lower collarbones
  • nails
  • forward facing eyes
  • thumb movements
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10
Q

What are our hominid characteristics? 3

A
  • large brains
  • speech
  • Bipedalism ( walking on 2 feet)
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11
Q

What are the different variations in humans?

Give example

A

Normal variations -
E.g normal kidney, pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney
Pathological variations

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12
Q

Whats the reference man and women?

A

Man- 70kg, 22 years old, 2800kcal per day

Female - 58kg intake kcal 2000

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the bodies ability to detect changes and thereby activate mechanisms to oppose it and maintain stable internal conditions.

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14
Q

Give an example of homeostasis?

A

Physician called Blagden spent 45 mins in a 127 degrees oven with a dog and a beef steak, by the end of it the beef stew was cooked but he and the dog where sweating and this was due to evaporative cooling by homeostasis.

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15
Q

Whats negative feedback?

A

This is a process whereby the body senses a change and activate mechanisms that negate it or reverse it.

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16
Q

Give a example of how negative feedback works? 5

A

Blood drains from the upper body creating homeostatic imbalance.

Baroreceptors detect this and respond to this drop in bp.

They send signals to the cardiac centre of brain stem

This accelerates heartbeat and blood pressure returns to normal.

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17
Q

Whats positive feedback?

A

Physiological change leads to a change in the same direction - e.g childbirth

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18
Q

How does positive feedback occur in childbirth? 4

A

1) Head of foetus pushes against cervix
2) nerve impulses from cervix are transmitted to the brain
3) Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
4) Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes foetus toward the cervix

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19
Q

What is the anatomical position? 4

A

Arms at the sides
Forearms supinated
Feet flat on the floor
Face and eyes facing forward

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20
Q

Which of the following isn’t a part of the anatomical position?

  1. feet together
  2. feet flat on the floor
  3. forearms supinated
  4. mouth closed
  5. arms down to the sides
A
  1. Mouth closed
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21
Q

The tarsal region is ______ to the popliteal region.

  1. medial
  2. dorsal
  3. superficial
  4. distal
  5. superior
A
  1. Distal
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22
Q

What are the 3 anatomical planes and how do they divide the body? 6m

A

Sagittal plane - this divides the body into left and right

Coronal plane - divides the body into front and back

Axial/ transverse horizontal plane - horizontal plane divides into upper and lower limbs

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23
Q

A _____ line passes through the sternum, umbilicus, and mons pubis.

  1. medial
  2. central
  3. proximal
  4. midclavicular
  5. midsagittal
  6. intertubercular
A
  1. Midsagittal
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24
Q

Whats the bodies axial region?

A

This consists of the head, neck (cervical region) and trunk

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25
Q

What are the thoriac and abdominal regions?

A

Thoriac- above the diaphragm

Abdominal- below the diaphragm

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26
Q

Whats the appendicular region of the body?

A

This consists of the upper and lower limbs
Upper limb- arm, forearm, wrist, hand, fingers
Lower - thigh , leg, ankle, foot, toes

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27
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right upper quadrant | Left upper quadrant
———————————————————
Right lower quadrant | left Lower quadrant

28
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A

Hypochondriac | Epigastric | Hypochondriac
—————————————————————-
Lumbar. | Umbilical. | Lumbar
——————————————————————
Inguinal. | Hypogastric | Inguinal

29
Q

What are the organs in the epigastric region? 3

A

Liver
Gall bladder
10th rib

30
Q

What are the organs in the umbilical region? 2

A

Large intestine

Small intestine

31
Q

What are the organs in the hypogastric region? 3

A

Urinary region
Bladder
Urethra

32
Q

What are the purposes of serous membranes?

A

Secrete lubricating fluid

33
Q

Whats the associated viscera and membranous lining to the cranial cavity?

A
  • brain

- meninges

34
Q

What is the associated viscera and membranous lining to the vertebral canal?

A

Spinal cord

Meninges

35
Q

What is the associated viscera and membranous lining to the pleural cavity?

A

Lungs

Pleurae

36
Q

What is the associated viscera and membranous lining to the pericardial cavity?

A

Heart

Pericardium

37
Q

What is the associated viscera and membranous lining to the abdominal cavity?

A

Digestive organs
Spleen
Kidney

Peritoneum

38
Q

What is the associated viscera and membranous lining to the pelvic cavity?

A

Bladder
Rectum
Reproductive organs

Peritoneum

39
Q

What are the organs involved in the skeletal system?

A

Femur

Humerous

40
Q

What are the organs involved in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph glands

Spleen

41
Q

What are the organs involved in the muscular system?

A

Pectoralis major

Deltoid

42
Q

What are the organs involved in the inguementary system?

A

Skin

43
Q

What are the organs involved in the digestive system?

A

Esophagus

Stomach

44
Q

What are the organs involved in the endocrine system?

A

Thyroid glands

Adrenal glands

45
Q

What are the organs involved in the Respiratory system?

A

Trachea

Lungs

46
Q

What are the organs involved in the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart

Blood vessels

47
Q

What are the organs involved in the urinary system?

A

Bladder

Urethra

48
Q

What are the organs involved in the Reproductive system?

A

Testes

Ovaries

49
Q

Why is water so significant in our bodies? 3m

A

50-70% of our body is water
All reactions take place with water as a solvent
Water allows molecules to move throughout the body

50
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides and function?

A

Glucose - blood sugar, energy source for most cells
Galactose - converted to glucose and metabolised
Fructose - fruit sugar, converted to glucose and metabolised

51
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides and function?

A

Sucrose - cane sugar; digested to glucose and fructose
Lactose - digested to glucose and galactose, used in infant food
Maltose - product of starch digestion

52
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides and there function?

A

Cellulose - dietary fibre
Starch - energy storage in plant cells.
Glycogen - energy storage in animal cells

53
Q

Give 3 examples of conjugated carbohydrates and there function?

A

Glycoprotein - component of cell surface coat and mucus among other roles
Glycolipid - component of cell surface coat
Proteoglycan - cell adhesion; lubrication

54
Q

What is ATP? 2

A
  • glucose can be metabolised to form ATP via glycolysis

- Adenosine triphosphate; bodies energy currency

55
Q

Whats the function of bile acids?

A

Steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption

56
Q

Whats the function of cholesterol?

A

Component of cell membranes; precursor to other steroids.

57
Q

Whats the function of Eicosanoids?

A

These are chemical messengers between cells

58
Q

Whats the function of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Involved in blood clotting, wound healing, vision and calcium absorption.

59
Q

What are the functions of fatty acids?

A

Precursor of triglycerides: source of energy

60
Q

Whats the function of phospholipids?

A

Aid in fat digestion- major component of cell membranes

61
Q

Whats the function of steroid hormones?

A

Chemical messengers between cells

62
Q

Whats the function of triglycerides?

A

Energy storage: thermal insulation, filling space, binding organs together

63
Q

Give examples of non polar amino acids?

A

Methionine

Tyrosine

64
Q

Give examples of polar amino acids?

A

Cysteine

Arginine

65
Q

Whats the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

66
Q

Whats the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet formed by hydrogen bonding

67
Q

Whats the tertiary structure of a protein formed from?

A

Extreme folding and coiling

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (3 decks)

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