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Comparative Anatomy, function evolution > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do come from?

A

Metazoa

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2
Q

Characteristics of the metazoan vertebrates?

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic( contains nucleus and membrane protected organelles

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3
Q

Chordate evolution commences first with what?

A

Bilataria and Radiata

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4
Q

What is Bilataria?

A

where humans belong we have an anterior and posterior and 2 lateral sides are the same

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5
Q

What is Radiata?

A

Symmetrical all around

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6
Q

What is a Deuterostomes?

A

Blastopore becomes the anus ,radial cleavage and mesodermal skeleton, enteroceolic coelom

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7
Q

What is a Protostomes?

A

Blastapore becomes the mouth ,Spiral cleavage, ectodermal skeleton , schizocoelic coelom

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8
Q

What separates chordates from deuterostomes?

A

Pharyngeal slits, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle and post anal tail.

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9
Q

What is the notochord?

A

arises from the mesoderm, hydrostatic flexible but resists compression and allows swimming motion

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10
Q

what is the dorsal hollow nerve cord?

A

hollow nerve cord, fluid filled, dorsal location, invagination (neural plate) Derived from ectoderm

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11
Q

what is the role of pharyngeal slits?

A

serve primarily in feeding. The opening allowed the one way flow of a water current

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12
Q

The role of Endostyle?

A

Glandular groove on pharynx (thyroid gland) involved in filter feeding , and the metabolism of iodine

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13
Q

The role of Post Anal tail?

A

a posterior elongation of the body extending beyond the anus.

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14
Q

All chordates have what?

A

they have a true endostyle and true thyroid gland

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15
Q

What are the first protochordates?

A

Hemichordates, Cephalochordates, Urochordates

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16
Q

what characterizes a hemichordate?

A

they are marine worms, deuterstomes, dorsal pharyngeal slits ( where pharyngeal slits developed, dorsal vessel which means that it has a forward blood flow )

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17
Q

what characterizes Cephalochordates?

A

fish like, has all five chordate characteristics, and amphioxus , posses cilia

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18
Q

what characterizes Urochordata ?

A

Sea squirts and at some point all 5 chordate characters were developed

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19
Q

what are some different characteristics to chordates compared to hemichordates ?

A

ventral pharyngeal slits and dorsal vessel with backward flow

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20
Q

What other characteristics do chordates share with some other taxa?

A

They have segmented body in some parts and myomeres which are sequential blocks of muscle

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21
Q

did chordates first evolve from annelids and arthropods?

A

not enough information to determine lack of evidence

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22
Q

What are some characteristics of echinoderms?

A

T hey are deuterostomes, similar larvae , sessile( organism sit in one place), filter feeders and share characteristics with hemichordates

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23
Q

What unique characteristic do echinoderms develop and why is that characteristic important?

A

They develop elongation that will help them swim better and the ability to suck more food. ( A more active lifestyle, and improved movement)

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24
Q

Are vertebrates diverse and complex?

A

yes

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25
Q

What characteristics are prevalent for the Vertebrates?

A

Vertebral column, cranium, and cephalization

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26
Q

Over the years what replaces the notochord ?

A

The vertebral column

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27
Q

what makes up the vertebral column?

A

Series of vertebrae with cartilage and bone

and defines the major body axis

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28
Q

What characterizes the cranium?

A

Bone or cartilage, encases brain and supports sensory organs

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29
Q

What characterizes cephalization?

A

contains embryonic characteristics such as Neural Crest and Epidermal Placodes

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30
Q

what characteristics distinguish vertebrates from other chordates?

A

The embryonic features which are the neural crest and epidermal placodes

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31
Q

How do prevertabretes feed?

A

They are suspension feeders such as cilia creating the current to move food into and across the pharynx

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32
Q

what evolutionary change did the prevertebrates make?

A

The development of the muscular pump ( able to consume big food) , muscles around the pharynx, cartilage in pharyngeal bars and gills with that being said vertebrates can’t bigger and have a. higher respiratory demand

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33
Q

What are Agnathans?

A

Jawless fishes they have a mouth with suction but no jaw

34
Q

Why did filter feeding get replaced by the muscular pump?

A

because in larger animals this method became less effective in supplying their greater body mass.

35
Q

What advantage was gained to to having muscle around the pharynx and cartilage in pharyngeal bars?

A

They were able to eat bigger. things

36
Q

How did the development of gills help the early vertebrates?

A

they increase the resistance to fluid flow through the pharynx and helped push water to the newly evolving gills supporting the respiratory demands

37
Q

Characteristics of Gnathostomes?

A

Jaw bearing fishes, raptorial feeding coupled with suction, larger food items need to be held, muscular jaws to open and close fast
predation

38
Q

what are the classification of vertebrates?

A

Jaw based, “ footedness” and embryos

39
Q

What does the jaw based vertebrate classification consist of ?

A

Agnathans and gnathostomes

40
Q

What does the “Footedness” classification consist of?

A

Tetrapods meaning four footed like reptiles

41
Q

What does Embryos consist of?

A

Amniotes : Sac like membrane

Anamniotes: not sac like membrane

42
Q

What are Conodonts

A

These are extinct agnathans resembling eels

43
Q

what is Ostracoderm

A

extinct Agnathans with shell skin

Most have a bony armor ( some structures similar to fins)

44
Q

Myxiniformes:

A

Extinct agnathans that produced slime for escape

45
Q

Lampreys:

A

extinct agnathans

46
Q

for Gnathostomata how was the jaw formed?

A

from the anterior pharyngeal arches

47
Q

what other characteristic was formed for the gnathostomata vertebrates?

A

Development of paired fins

48
Q

Placoderm is under gnathostomata what are its characteristics?

A

Plate skin, dermal armor where we see bony plates, upper and lower jaw , paired appendages and diverse but extinct

49
Q

What are Chondricthyes?

A

Cartilagenous skeletons

50
Q

Elasmobrachs are knows as what ?

A

Sharks and Rays

51
Q

Holocephali are known as what

A

Ratfishes

52
Q

Teleostomi is another Gnathostomes

A

Teleostomi

53
Q

Acanthoddi is part of teleostomi what are it characteristics?

A

small fish, prominent fin spines and sister taxa to bony fishes

54
Q

Osteichthyes are bony fishes and what are they characterized in?

A

bone in the endoskeleton, bony operculum ( protection to the gills) , swim bladder, body covered by overlapping scales, terminal mouth and find ofter have lepidotrichia have spines or rays

55
Q

Paleonischiformes

A

primitive ray finned fishes

56
Q

Neopterygii:

A

derived ray finned fishes ( vTeleosts): circular scales, ossified vertebra, swim bladder, and complex jaw mobility

57
Q

Sarcopeterygii :

A

internal nostrils, muscular fleshy paired lobe fins, heavy scales, they gave rise to terrestrial vertebrates ( able to sticks their head out to breath)

58
Q

Actinopterygii consist of

A

paleonisciformeds and neopterigii

59
Q

Actinopterygii consist of

A

paleonisciformes and neopterygii

60
Q

Tetrapods have what characteristics:

A

lungs. for respiration and limbs for walking

61
Q

What is chiridium ?

A

Muscular limbs with joints and digits

62
Q

Lissamphibia:

A

modern amphibians with paired lungs require water moist skin no amnion metamorphic and poikilotherms ( can not regulates its temperature)

63
Q

Caudata is a lissamphibian with what kind of characteristic

A

long body and tail, eternal and internal Fert, no tympanum (eardrum) , metamorphic

64
Q

Anura is also an lissamphibian what are the characteristics

A

Adult with no tail, jumping morphology, extreme metaphorposis, eternal fertilization

65
Q

Gymnophiona

A

burrowers, solid, not limbs and internal fertilization

66
Q

what is amniotes?

A

sac like membrane around the embryo reptiles , birds and mammals

67
Q

Temporal Fenestre

A

Anapsid: no temporal opening
Synapsid: singel
dips- paired

68
Q

Temporal Fenestre

A

Anapsid: no temporal opening
Synapsid: single
dips- paired

69
Q

Testudines

A

They are turtles and they did not take a huge genetic change and be anapsid or diapsid

70
Q

What are the shells of the turtle?

A

Carapace: Dorsal

Plastron_ ventral and how genes

71
Q

Lepidosauria is what

A

modern lizards and snakes they a scaly reptiles with complete temporal bars, quadrate not movable compared to braincase and teeth fused jaw

72
Q

Lepidosauria squamates

A

they lose the lower temporal bar and quadratojugal

quadrate bone is now movable

73
Q

what are some examples of squamates?

A

lizards: imbed or limbless , movable eyelids
snakes: limbless and extreme skull flexibility
amphibaenians liblmess burrowers thick skulls to push trough dirt

74
Q

Aves

A

most closely related to crocodilians they have feathers, try flight, light with bones, air sacs, endothermic, teeth absent and lack urninarry bladder

75
Q

Synapsida:

A

mammal like

76
Q

Mammalia:

A

3 earbones and one bone makes up the lower jaw, mammary glands, hair, sweat glands , red blood cells

77
Q

what are the mammal classifications?

A

platypus, their, matatheria, and eutheria

78
Q

platypus is what ?

A

they lay eggs , poorly developed , mamary glands and poor ability to maintain. temperature, cloaca

79
Q

Theria

A

bear live young , well developed mammary glands

80
Q

Metatheria:

A

no true placenta and short uterine development

81
Q

Eutheria:

A

true/ placental mammals rodents

Comparative Anatomy, function evolution (4 decks)

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