Lecture 2 Flashcards
Is personality consistent over the lifetime?
Its relatively stable but there is some variation over time
In some ways people are like ______ people (3)
- We are all alike (basic needs and capacities like language)
- We are like some other people (Individual and group differences: traits, gender, culture, etc)
- We are like no other people (Individually unique quirks, like stories, goals)
Which of the 3 ways we are like people is hard to do research on?
How we are like no other people
5 domains that personality comes from
- Evolution
- Genes - preset boundaries but they interact with environment
- Prenatal experience
- Early temperament (what you evoke from others)
- Development
The ways that development contributes to personality (3)
- In families, cultures, places and random events
- Process of evocation, selection (the places and situations you choose to be in)
- Maturation, increasing cognitive complexity
Big 5 traits
OCEAN
Lexical approach
If there are a lot of synonyms then it must be an important category and they can be grouped together
The “big” part of the big 5
They are very broad categories, have many facets
Which genes have been related to extraversion
Dopamine genes
Behavioural Activation System
What initiates behaviour based on environmental stimuli (rewards)
Do extraverts want to be social at all costs (want to be social even in unpleasant situations?
No, they seem to be more driven by rewards, so they will choose not to be social if it will be unpleasant
Extraversion cognitive bias
Extraverts thought processes are more attuned to positive interpretations
Who is best at savouring
Extraverts
Extraverts are ____ to induce happiness and it lasts _____
easier
longer
What does it mean to say that traits are dimensional?
It is not one or the other, it is a spectrum. Traits are more normally distributed
> > There is a lot of overlap in ranges of behaviour
Other than traits, 8 other individual differences
- needs or motives
- goals
- interests
- self concepts
- values
- attachment style
- abilities
- character strengths
How are other individual differences different from personality traits
- Usually more specific or clearly defined
- Usually assumed causes or consequences (motive as driving a behaviour)
- Yet may overlap part of what’s included in trait
Jingle Fallacy
When two things have basically the same name but they are describing different things
Jangle Fallacy
When you use two different terms to talk about essentially the same thing
Example of Jingle Fallacy
Optimism, 2 different approaches
- To ask people self report questions about the future
- Attributional styles, and how you explain how things happen to you (internal vs external)
Example of Jangle fallacy
When people invent new terms to describe old things :
Grit which correlates really highly with conscientiousness
What an the issue with the jangle fallacy
Miss out on all the other things that were studied about the other thing previously
What are considered positive psychology’s personality units (2)
Strengths and virtues
Why study strengths and virtues
Because it is assumed that strengths and virtues are essential to the “good life”
> > doing things that are positively socially valued
DSM comparison with strengths and virtues
Making a list of all the positive characteristics of people to go along with the list of disorders
What is the benefits of the DSM that positive psychologists took when characterizing strengths and virtues (3)
- Common language (allows for comparison)
- Directs research and assessment
- Provides a “map” for other institutions
What are things the the DSM was lacking that was added when categorizing people’s strengths and virtues
- Categorical vs dimensional (took a more dimensional approach)
- Number of constructs
- (aspires to) greater validity and more universality
What does VIA stand for
Values in action
What is the main way to define a strength?
It is positive
Stability of strengths
They are relatively stable
Nurturing strengths
These strengths can be nurtured and developed over the life time
The hierarchical conceptual structure of strengths
Groupings of similar character strengths
How was the strengths lists developed?
Started with a list of criteria of what they thought was important and consulted with many different fields (psychology, philosophers, literature, pop culture, big institutions)
> > They were looking for cross culture and field commonality
6 big categories of strengths
Wisdom Courage Humanity Justice Temperance (regulated) Transcendence
10 Criteria for Strengths
- Contributes to fulfillment
- Themselves are valued
- Using it does not diminish others
- No obvious positive oppisite
- Trait like
- Distinctive from other strengths
- Has paragons
- Had prodigies
- Selective absenses
- Cultivated by institutions and rituals
Strength contributes to fulfillment (most important)
More than just feelings good, similar to eudiamonia
People have signature strengths that are intrinsic
Strengths themselves are valued
Beyond the outcome, they are valued
Using the strength does not diminish others
Not putting others down when expressed
More admiration than jealousy from others
No obvious positive opposite to the strength
It is the good end of the spectrum
Strengths are trait like
It is stable and consistent
Strengths have paragons
People just exemplify this strength totally
Strengths have prodigies
There are children who has this strength so purely
Selective absences of strengths
There are some people who don’t have some of the strength at all
Strengths are cultivated by institutions and rituals
See things in the culture or groups that are aimed at promoting these strengths
How are strengths usually studied.
Problem?
Self report
> Can lead to socially desirable responses, but for the most part it seems like people answer honestly
2 non self report way that strengths are assessed
- Structured interview for signature strengths
2. Content analysis of pre-existing bits of writing (synonyms, word frequency, etc)
Strengths across cultures
There are similar levels of strengths across cultures
High levels of strengths across cultures (4)
- Kindness
- Fairness
- Authenticity
- Gratitude
Strengths that are reported in lower levels across cultures (3)
- Self regulation
- Modesty
- Prudence
What are the effects of major crises on the reports of personal strengths
A crisis or challenge might bring out these strengths because people report higher levels of relevant strengths
What strengths are reported higher in youth
- Hope
- Teamwork
- Zest
What strengths are reported higher in adults
Authenticity
- Leadership
- Appreciation
- Open
What is the general trend of strengths with age
Generally there are small increases in strengths as age increases
What does using your signature strengths in new ways result in?
Increase SWB and decrease depressive symptoms
Some critiques of personal strengths
- Not developed using statistics
- Application has outpaces research
- Not totally a unique framework (overlap with Big 5)
The 2 form of the self
- The “I” self
2. The “Me” self
The “I” self
The doer, the one that is in control
The “Me” self
The self-concept, the “true self”
- Does not need to be objectively accurate
- Multiple selves (actual, ideal, possible, etc.)
- Help organize information
Maslow’s conditions of worth
Things that you need to achieve in order to receive love
Classic “essentialist” approach to the true self (5)
- Non-obvious, needs to be discovered
- A personal “essence”
- Internal
- Stable
- Indicated more by feelings than behaviours
Do we always act in accordance with our true self
No, not always
> often we feel guilty about behaviours that do not correspond to the true self
True self is more related to _____ than behaviours
feelings about the behaviours
We feel like there is a true self but…
People change over time
Is there inter rater agreement about what another person’s true self in by observing behaviour
Not really
What is a contrast to the “essentialist” view of the true self
Self determination` theory
What is the self determination theory of the true self characteristics (2)
- Takes a more subjective view
- Intrinsic motivation and “feeling” authentic
What can decrease intrinsic motivation
Providing too many rewards and punishments for things that people would want to do anyway
2 types of authenticity
State vs Trait authenticity
Generally there are ____ correlation with authenticity and well being
Positive
Momentary (state) authenticity _____ correlate with positive emotions and meeting self determination theory needs
positively
When people feel authentic, they also feel:
- positive emotions
- like they are meeting their needs
In some studies, there seems to be what causal direction between positive emotions and authenticity
Positive moods ‘cause’ authenticity
Do you feel authentic when you behave in association with your big 5 traits?
Not really
What spread of the big 5 traits do all people feel most authentic, regardless of their own trait big 5 profile
Extraverted Agreeable Conscientious Stable Open
Why might the set spread of big 5 traits (Ex, Agr, Con, Stable, Open) make people feel more authentic even if it is not in accordance with their Big 5 traits
Those behaviours might help you express other parts of your personality
________ behaviour (extraversion, agreeableness) feel more authentic, regardless of disposition too
Manipulated
Values are viewed ______ by all
positively
What are some values that are universally values
Competence
Tradition
Power
Benevolent
Do we feel authentic when we act in accordance to our values?
Yes, very much
> if you act against your values, you feel very not authentic
Is acting according to true self always best?
Usually, unless your true self is harmful to yourself or others
Self efficacy
The belief that you can take the steps necessary for success
Is self efficacy general or specific
Specific, we have different perceptions for our abilities for different tasks and in different contexts
Is success higher or lower when we have self efficacy about that task?
Higher
Causal direction between self efficacy and achievement
High self efficacy causes higher achievement
Why does self efficacy increase performance
high self efficacy gives us more persistence and we put more effort into things
Where does self efficacy come from (4) in order
- Personal experience of success
- Vicarious experience
- Persuasion (pep talk)
- Physiological states (mood states)
How does failure help contribute to self efficacy
Builds a sense of resilience efficacy
> that you can still succeed even if you occasionally fail
How is self esteem evaluated
Mostly self report through scales
What can self efficacy also depend on?
The social feedback we get from others
Typically, self esteem is thought of more as a state or trait?
Trait
>continuity and stability over time
Usually self esteem is a global judgement, but there can be domains. What are some domains
- Appearance
- School
- Relationships
- Achievements
What domains are most important for determining self esteem
Personally valued domains
> > what we care about, is it important to us
What is similar to self esteem but a bit more negative
Narcissism
ADD CARDS FOR NOVEMBER 8Th
Self Views slide 3-19
Self enhancement (thinking you are better than you are) across cultures
It is seen more in individualist cultures for the self
Levels of self compassion across cultures
pretty similar across cultures
The 4 P’s of creativity
Process
Products
Personality
Press
2 important features of creativity
- Uniqueness (originality)
2. Usefulness
Alternate uses tasks (creativity)
Trying to generate as many alternate uses for ordinary objects as possible (paper clip)
Score it based on number of ideas, originality, flexibility of categories, elaborations/detail
Divergent thinking
Thinking in different ways (feature of creative thought)
Reduced “latent inhibition”
Your mind tries to focus on a particular thing, and filtering out other irrelevant information. It is effortless = latent. If this is reduced, you are paying attention to some of the irrelevant information
> > > Can be helpful for creativity
People who have lower levels of latent inhibition have increased what?
More creative products
Remote associates test
Getting a list of 3 words and needing to come up with one word that will make them into compound words
Ex. Fish/Mine/Rush (Gold)
Problem with just counting number of products to assess creativity
Does not take into account quality
What is a better way to assess the creativity of the product
Look at expert ratings
Amount of usage
What domain of the big five correlates most with creativity
Openness
Does creativity seem to be stable?
Yes
Intelligence and expertise usually helps with creativity. To what group does this not apply?
Children
>Because they are not constrained by what they already know
________ workplaces promote creativity
Autonomous
What types of moods promote creativity
Positive moods, especially high energy
Norm violation and creativity
Things that deviate from the norm promote creativity
Multicultural experiences promote creativity, but this is moderated by what factor
People’s openness to experience (did they try new things while traveling)
4 characteristics of wise reasoning
- Seeing multiple perspectives
- Uncertainty (wise people do not think it is easy)
- Knowledge about the pragmatics of life (street smarts)
- Comes with prosocial motivations (cannot use wisdom for evil)
Self report when measuring wisdom
not outright asking, usually ask in indirect ways
Can ask about specific events
Measuring wisdom with scenarios
Giving people hypothetical scenarios and then assessing the qualitative response
Do people get wiser with age?
There is no consistent increase with age
Is there a correlation between wisdom and intelligence
There is a small positive correlation, but wisdom is not just intelligence
Correlation between well-being and wisdom
People who are wise tend to report more well being
Reducing what perspective can increase wise reasoning
Ego-centric
|»_space;Not thinking about the self can help consider more perspectives
What types of cultures tend to be more wise
Collectivist
When you think about things for a friend or for yourself, when do you exhibit more wisdom
When you are thinking about the friend you tend to engage in more wise reasoning (put your self in the other person’s shoes)
Intelligence has a hierarchical structure, what else has that structure in PP? (3)
Values, SWB and traits
Clear individual ________ in “smarts”
differences
In what way is intelligence hierarchical
You can talk about one thing that is intelligence, and that can further be broken up into pieces
What did Piaget say that intelligence is?
What you use when you don’t know what to do
What is at the top of the hierarchy of intelligence
General Intelligence (g)
Intelligence positively correlated with 4 things
Education achievement
Work Performance
Income
SES
What is negatively correlated with intelligence?
Criminal behaviour
>the ones who are caught
Higher levels of “g” predicts greater _________
accomplishment
What specific part of “g” predicts more success in the STEM field?
Numeric ability
What specific part of “g” predicts success in the humanities field
Verbal ability
Howard Gardener argues for _______ intelligence
Multiple
What are some aspects that are included in the multiple intelligences model that are lacking in the IQ model
Music
Emotional
Physical
Does being good at something mean that you need to learn something that way? (Is there merit to learning styles)
No, matching teaching to “learning styles” does not empirically help
Percentage heritability of IQ
50-75% (depends on the environment)
Flynn Effect
IQs are rising over time
Education effect meta analysis for explaining that education causes increases in IQ study
Government policy changes the mandatory minimum schooling
> The children who got more years in school have an increase in IQ
3 things that accomplishment depends on
- Ability/Intelligence
- Interests matching with work
- Mastery/Drive (Work ethic)
Best study techniques (2)
- Practice tests
2. Distributed practice
Ok study techniques (3)
- Interleaving
- Self explanation
- Elaboration
Not-so-good study techniques (5)
- Highlighting
- Complete re-reading
- Summarizing
- Imagery (duel coding)
- Key-word memory triggers
Affective forecasting
Predicting future emotions
What happens when we make an error in affective forecasting
it can impede happiness maximization
Impact bias (affective forecasting error)
People have a tendency to over-estimate the intensity or duration of emotional reactions
Immune neglect (reason for impact bias)
Under-estimating all we do to cope with bad experiences
Focusing illusion (reasons for impact bias)
Failing to consider the “whole picture”
|»_space;Only thinking of the one thing in focus/in question
2 reasons for impact bias
Immune neglect
Focusing illusion
Do people accurately affective forecast the effect when talking to strangers
No, people think it will be bad, but it actually makes people happier
Are people happier with their purchases when there is a return policy?
No, usually people are more happy with their purchases when there is no option to return
» may be that the brain is protecting us by making us happier because it knows there is nothing we can do about it
Resilience
“Maintenance, recovery, or improvement in health following challenge”
Many children of mentally ill parents do not develop (2)
Mental illness or behaviour problems
Many low SES children grow up to be
Competent, caring adults
People do not become _______ with old age and its challenges
miserable
3 main areas in the MIDUS study on resilience
- Dealing with difficult circumstances (low SES, discrimination)
- Dealing with aging
- Dealing with specific challenges (abuse, illness)
What areas did the MIDUS study look at
Demographics Health Behaviours Life Challenges Neuobiological Mechanisms Psychological & Social Factors Health & Illness
What makes it hard to parse out protective factors for resilience
It is hard to separate outcome vs protective factors
MIDUS SES and health finding
People with higher SES are healthier (there is a linear relationship)
What can buffer against low SES in terms of health
Psychological well being (mastery or control)
Inter Leukin 6 (an inflammatory chemical) relation with environmental mastery
Environmental mastery acts as a buffer and usually results in a decrease in IL6.
So the higher the environmental mastery, the lower the IL6
Maternal _______ acts as a buffer against the lower health associated with lower SES
Maternal warmth
Which demographic is more resilient in the US
African Americans - resilience in the face of racism
Relationship between acknowledging discrimination and cortisol levels
Acknowledging discrimination are associated with lower levels of cortisol
Why might acknowledging discrimination lower cortisol levels
Can attribute some of the difficulties in life to the discrimination, it is a coping mechanism
What buffers the challenges of aging (resilience) (4)
- Social support
- Physical exercise
- Sense of control
- Purpose in life
In older people, what acts as a buffer against cognitive decline
Social contact (talking to people)
_______ abuse predicts poor outcomes (health and negative affect) MIDUS
child physical abuse
What can buffer against life challenges and contributes to resilience (2)
Sense of control and community support
What predicts better outcomes after losing a spouse (MIDUS)
Positive reappraisal = people who can find something good even in hard times
After a heart attack, how many people showed resilience (no depression before or after)
~70%
Developing a depression in what timeframe around a heart attack predicted mortality
after the heart attack
What factor predicted resilience around a heart attack
higher life optimism
There seems to be _____ in depression and stress before and after an earthquake
stability
High stress and depression before have more after too
Rumination coping style predicted what types of outcomes after an earthquake
worse outcomes
There is a small increase in what big 5 personality factor after an earthquake
Neuroticism
INSERT CUE CARDS FROM NOV 22
post traumatic growth
we started social environment today
Prosocial behaviour
Includes anything that increases another’s well being
Examples of prosocial behaviour that increase other’s well being (3)
- Cooperation
- Helping
- Sharing
Does prosocial behaviour have to be altruistic?
No, the prosocial behaviour can be self serving
The nice parts of evolutions, 3 types of altruism
- Kin altruism
- Reciprocal altruism
- Competitive altruism
Kin altruism
Doing nice things for the people you are related to (allows aspects of your genes to survive)
Reciprocal altruism
Doing nice things for others in the hope that they will do something nice for you back
Competitive altruism
If you do things that are generous for strangers, it makes you look good and will make you look like a good mate and friend
What may be the mechanism that drives altruism
Empathy
What are social dilemmas
Some conflict between immediate personal benefit and the collective well being
What is an example of a social dilemma
Cooperation:
It would be better for you not to cooperate, but if everyone does that, then no one wins
2 kinds of dilemmas
- Common Resource dilemmas
2. Public Goods dilemma
What is the conflict of the common resource dilemma
A good exists, how much do I take
What is the conflict of the public good dilemma
A good is being created, should I contribute (or how much)?
Framing a dilemma as an ethical vs business decision, which gets more cooperation
Ethical = more Business = less
Framing a dilemma as a community vs a private decision, which gets more cooperation
Private = less Community = more
Having more of what 3 things increases cooperation
- Certainty about the outcomes
- Repeated interactions (need to have others like you)
- Experience (knowing that usually when you are cooperative, others will also be cooperative)
Features of the situation that increase cooperation (4)
- Being able to communicate
- Smaller groups
- Social norms where cooperation is expected
- In-groups vs out-groups
If there is a miscommunication in a cooperation situation, what response is most likely to lead to the best outcomes
Giving them the benefit of the doubt once and being a little more generous than they deserve
Is prosocial behaviour our automatic response or do we have to consciously think about it to make ourselves do it
It seems to be more automatic
When we have to think about decisions, are we more or less prosocial
It seems like when people need to make fast decisions they act more pro-socially
When people are forced to think about a decision, they act less prosocial
Seeing fair outcomes, seeing others get rewards and donating money activates what part of the brain?
>What does this say about prosocial behaviour
Reward centres in the brain
> Prosocial behaviour is more rewarding and thus might be more automatic
Evidence that the preference for prosocial behaviour emerges early (before children would have delayed gratification or have the control to stop impulses)
Before 2 years children:
- Prefer prosocial actors
- Help others without request
- Offer useful informaiton
What are the findings of emotions and prosocial behaviour
Helping others produces pleasure
3 emotions that can nudge towards prosocial behaviour
- Awe
- Gratitude
- Inspiration - seeing others do prosocial behaviour makes us want to act pro-socially
4 kinds of love in the Quadremvirate model
Passionate
Companionate
Compassionate
Attachment
Passionate love begins with what?
Physical attraction, signs of liking
Passionate love promotes what
A sexual relationship
Passionate love is similar to ______ (latin)
Eros
Companionate love begins with what (3)
Familiarity, similarity and friendship
What does companionate love promote? (2)
Spending time together, expressions of liking
Companionate love is similar to ______ (latin)
Storge
What is the prototype approach to studying love
- Ask lay people to list the features of love
- Then you ask another group of people to rate the features on how prototypical they are to love
Which features came out as most central to love according to the prototypical approach (5)
- Trust
- Honesty
- Caring
- Intimacy
- Respect
Which features of love came out as lest central according to the prototypical approach (3)
- Sexual passion
- Gazing at other
- Physiological
People have better memory and faster reaction time for ____ prototypical features of love
more
Can you have both passionate and companionate love in the same relationship
Yes
Overall there are more _______ between gender in terms of the understanding of love
similarities
Are men or women more prone to “romantic” conceptions of love
men
Which gender is more interested in casual sex
men
What is the evidence that men are more romantic (3)
- More likely to think of a long term commitment at the beginning of relationship
- Believe more in true love
- More romantic gestures
Which gender tends to say “I love you” first in a relationship
the man
Which gender is more prone to think of the pragmatics of the relationships
Women
Which gender scores higher in measures from companionate and friendship love
Women
Are there more gender or cultural differences in terms of love
Cultural
What are some of the key differences of love between cultures
- Choosing mates (arranged vs romantic)
- Day to Day (live alone vs live with extended family)
Scores on “Eros” (passion) are high across all cultures, but it is higher in which cultures
Individualist
There are higher scores on “Storge” (companionate) love in which type of culture
Collectivist
Does passion fade into companionate love over time?
Both companionate and passionate love are high at the beginning.
Passionate love does decrease a bit, but not that much
Experience of love is associated with ______
Satisfaction
Do people say that love is important for staying together?
Pre-marriage: yes
Marriage: not as important, there are other things keeping them together
What is the use of humour to deal with conflict in relationships depend on
The type of humour used
3 types of humour and effectiveness at dealing with conflict
- Affiliative: lighten mood (best)
- Aggressive: put someone down (worst)
- Self-Defeating: putting yourself down (bad)
What can moderate the effect of the use of humour during conflict
Attachment style:
Secure attachment - use more affiliative humour and respond better
Insecure attachment - uses humour but cannot take it as well
Clinical psychology currently/historically follows _____ ideology
Illness
Clinical psychology started mostly in hospitals, which lead to thinking as mental illnesses as:
Pathological problems with more of a biological origin
Historically, did clinical psychology see mental illness as a spectrum or categorical
Categorical
Social Construction Approach to clinical psychology
Just because a disorder has a label and a list of symptoms does not make it exist.
> they are social constructs
The positive clinical psychology approach prefers referring to “disorders” as:
Problems in living
Positive clinical psychology approach sees problems of living as having to do with (3)
Interaction of person, situation and culture
More than just treatment, positive clinical psychology approach is more focused on
Prevention and enhancement
Positive clinical psychology approach would focus more on studying what 2 things rather than just issues
Strengths and assets
Is positive psychology always a good thing? What can it depend on?
Not necessarily, it depends on the context to know if a PP component (optimism, forgiveness, kindness, etc.) is a beneficial thing
> These would not be a good thing in an abusive relationship
In relationships, is being higher on PP things (like forgiveness or positive attributions) always beneficial?
Not necessarily, it depends on the relationship
- If the relationship is good, then they are beneficial
- If the relationship is bad, then they are detrimental (decrease satisfaction)
What can be a draw back from studying positive things and positive people
May not tell us about difficulty. The things that are true for happy people might not be true for unhappy people and would be hard to apply in a helpful way
Generally speaking, self esteem depends on the self. But it can also depend on
Social feedback
Is self esteem generally high or low
high
High self esteem is correlated to good things, but it does not:
cause the good things
4 good things that self esteem is correpated with
- happiness
- less depression
- academic success
- persistence after failure
High self esteem does not result in: (4)
- better relationships
- better performance
- staying away from drugs
- safer sex
does self esteem seem to be state or trait like
trait
How can trying to artificially raise self esteem back fire
may increase narcissism
3 components to self compassion
- Treats self with kindness
- Recognizes common humanity
- Takes mindful approach to negative parts of self
There is a ______ correlation between self esteem and self compassion
high positive
3 main differences between self compassion and self esteem
- Feeling safe and secure vs feeling ‘better’
- Connects to others vs distinguishing from them
- Useful with failure vs threatened by failure
The self in independent cultures (5)
- describe self in traits (vs roles)
- views self as special
- remembers events in self enhancing way
- do what makes self happy
The self in interdependent cultures (4)
- describe self in roles (vs traits)
- variable self (related to roles)
- view self as ordinary
- less happy due to social expectation
What are 4 factors that predict initial attraction to a person
- Proximity and exposure
- Similarity
- Physical attractiveness
- Intimacy via sharing
Bank account analogy to relationships
Every positive thing is a deposit and every negative thing is a withdraw, what is the balance
are positive deposits “worth” as much as negative withdraws in relationships
no, the negative withdraws have more impact, so there needs to be more good than bad to come out even
What is the ratio of good to bad for a healthy relationship
5 good to 1 bad
Capitalization
Sharing good news with your partner
What is a key component to the effectiveness of capitalization
your partner’s response
4 types of responses
Active - Constructive
Passive - Constructive
Active - Destructive
Passive - Destructive
Active - Constructive response
Authentic, enthusiastic and supportive
Passive - Constructive response
Understated support
Active - Destructive response
Pointing out the negative
Passive - Destructive response
Ignoring the event
Self-expansion theory in relationships
Growing and learning, which can take place in the context of a relationship through integrating with partner
What is key to self expansion in relationships
Novel and exciting activities together
Engaging in exciting and novel activities is correlated with what in relationships
higher satisfaction, love and relationship quality
What are 2 things that have been shown to be good responses to conflict in relationships
- Forgiveness
2. Humour
