Lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Is personality consistent over the lifetime?
A
Its relatively stable but there is some variation over time
2
Q
In some ways people are like ______ people (3)
A
- We are all alike (basic needs and capacities like language)
- We are like some other people (Individual and group differences: traits, gender, culture, etc)
- We are like no other people (Individually unique quirks, like stories, goals)
3
Q
Which of the 3 ways we are like people is hard to do research on?
A
How we are like no other people
4
Q
5 domains that personality comes from
A
- Evolution
- Genes - preset boundaries but they interact with environment
- Prenatal experience
- Early temperament (what you evoke from others)
- Development
5
Q
The ways that development contributes to personality (3)
A
- In families, cultures, places and random events
- Process of evocation, selection (the places and situations you choose to be in)
- Maturation, increasing cognitive complexity
6
Q
Big 5 traits
A
OCEAN
7
Q
Lexical approach
A
If there are a lot of synonyms then it must be an important category and they can be grouped together
8
Q
The “big” part of the big 5
A
They are very broad categories, have many facets
9
Q
Which genes have been related to extraversion
A
Dopamine genes
10
Q
Behavioural Activation System
A
What initiates behaviour based on environmental stimuli (rewards)
11
Q
Do extraverts want to be social at all costs (want to be social even in unpleasant situations?
A
No, they seem to be more driven by rewards, so they will choose not to be social if it will be unpleasant
12
Q
Extraversion cognitive bias
A
Extraverts thought processes are more attuned to positive interpretations
13
Q
Who is best at savouring
A
Extraverts
14
Q
Extraverts are ____ to induce happiness and it lasts _____
A
easier
longer
15
Q
What does it mean to say that traits are dimensional?
A
It is not one or the other, it is a spectrum. Traits are more normally distributed
> > There is a lot of overlap in ranges of behaviour
16
Q
Other than traits, 8 other individual differences
A
- needs or motives
- goals
- interests
- self concepts
- values
- attachment style
- abilities
- character strengths
17
Q
How are other individual differences different from personality traits
A
- Usually more specific or clearly defined
- Usually assumed causes or consequences (motive as driving a behaviour)
- Yet may overlap part of what’s included in trait
18
Q
Jingle Fallacy
A
When two things have basically the same name but they are describing different things
19
Q
Jangle Fallacy
A
When you use two different terms to talk about essentially the same thing
20
Q
Example of Jingle Fallacy
A
Optimism, 2 different approaches
- To ask people self report questions about the future
- Attributional styles, and how you explain how things happen to you (internal vs external)
21
Q
Example of Jangle fallacy
A
When people invent new terms to describe old things :
Grit which correlates really highly with conscientiousness
22
Q
What an the issue with the jangle fallacy
A
Miss out on all the other things that were studied about the other thing previously
23
Q
What are considered positive psychology’s personality units (2)
A
Strengths and virtues
24
Q
Why study strengths and virtues
A
Because it is assumed that strengths and virtues are essential to the “good life”
> > doing things that are positively socially valued
25
DSM comparison with strengths and virtues
Making a list of all the positive characteristics of people to go along with the list of disorders
26
What is the benefits of the DSM that positive psychologists took when characterizing strengths and virtues (3)
- Common language (allows for comparison)
- Directs research and assessment
- Provides a "map" for other institutions
27
What are things the the DSM was lacking that was added when categorizing people's strengths and virtues
- Categorical vs dimensional (took a more dimensional approach)
- Number of constructs
- (aspires to) greater validity and more universality
28
What does VIA stand for
Values in action
29
What is the main way to define a strength?
It is positive
30
Stability of strengths
They are relatively stable
31
Nurturing strengths
These strengths can be nurtured and developed over the life time
32
The hierarchical conceptual structure of strengths
Groupings of similar character strengths
33
How was the strengths lists developed?
Started with a list of criteria of what they thought was important and consulted with many different fields (psychology, philosophers, literature, pop culture, big institutions)
>> They were looking for cross culture and field commonality
34
6 big categories of strengths
```
Wisdom
Courage
Humanity
Justice
Temperance (regulated)
Transcendence
```
35
10 Criteria for Strengths
1. Contributes to fulfillment
2. Themselves are valued
3. Using it does not diminish others
4. No obvious positive oppisite
5. Trait like
6. Distinctive from other strengths
7. Has paragons
8. Had prodigies
9. Selective absenses
10. Cultivated by institutions and rituals
36
Strength contributes to fulfillment (most important)
More than just feelings good, similar to eudiamonia
People have signature strengths that are intrinsic
37
Strengths themselves are valued
Beyond the outcome, they are valued
38
Using the strength does not diminish others
Not putting others down when expressed
More admiration than jealousy from others
39
No obvious positive opposite to the strength
It is the good end of the spectrum
40
Strengths are trait like
It is stable and consistent
41
Strengths have paragons
People just exemplify this strength totally
42
Strengths have prodigies
There are children who has this strength so purely
43
Selective absences of strengths
There are some people who don't have some of the strength at all
44
Strengths are cultivated by institutions and rituals
See things in the culture or groups that are aimed at promoting these strengths
45
How are strengths usually studied.
Problem?
Self report
> Can lead to socially desirable responses, but for the most part it seems like people answer honestly
46
2 non self report way that strengths are assessed
1. Structured interview for signature strengths
| 2. Content analysis of pre-existing bits of writing (synonyms, word frequency, etc)
47
Strengths across cultures
There are similar levels of strengths across cultures
48
High levels of strengths across cultures (4)
- Kindness
- Fairness
- Authenticity
- Gratitude
49
Strengths that are reported in lower levels across cultures (3)
- Self regulation
- Modesty
- Prudence
50
What are the effects of major crises on the reports of personal strengths
A crisis or challenge might bring out these strengths because people report higher levels of relevant strengths
51
What strengths are reported higher in youth
- Hope
- Teamwork
- Zest
52
What strengths are reported higher in adults
Authenticity
- Leadership
- Appreciation
- Open
53
What is the general trend of strengths with age
Generally there are small increases in strengths as age increases
54
What does using your signature strengths in new ways result in?
Increase SWB and decrease depressive symptoms
55
Some critiques of personal strengths
- Not developed using statistics
- Application has outpaces research
- Not totally a unique framework (overlap with Big 5)
56
The 2 form of the self
1. The "I" self
| 2. The "Me" self
57
The "I" self
The doer, the one that is in control
58
The "Me" self
The self-concept, the "true self"
- Does not need to be objectively accurate
- Multiple selves (actual, ideal, possible, etc.)
- Help organize information
59
Maslow's conditions of worth
Things that you need to achieve in order to receive love
60
Classic "essentialist" approach to the true self (5)
- Non-obvious, needs to be discovered
- A personal "essence"
- Internal
- Stable
- Indicated more by feelings than behaviours
61
Do we always act in accordance with our true self
No, not always
> often we feel guilty about behaviours that do not correspond to the true self
62
True self is more related to _____ than behaviours
feelings about the behaviours
63
We feel like there is a true self but...
People change over time
64
Is there inter rater agreement about what another person's true self in by observing behaviour
Not really
65
What is a contrast to the "essentialist" view of the true self
Self determination` theory
66
What is the self determination theory of the true self characteristics (2)
- Takes a more subjective view
| - Intrinsic motivation and "feeling" authentic
67
What can decrease intrinsic motivation
Providing too many rewards and punishments for things that people would want to do anyway
68
2 types of authenticity
State vs Trait authenticity
69
Generally there are ____ correlation with authenticity and well being
Positive
70
Momentary (state) authenticity _____ correlate with positive emotions and meeting self determination theory needs
positively
71
When people feel authentic, they also feel:
- positive emotions
| - like they are meeting their needs
72
In some studies, there seems to be what causal direction between positive emotions and authenticity
Positive moods 'cause' authenticity
73
Do you feel authentic when you behave in association with your big 5 traits?
Not really
74
What spread of the big 5 traits do all people feel most authentic, regardless of their own trait big 5 profile
```
Extraverted
Agreeable
Conscientious
Stable
Open
```
75
Why might the set spread of big 5 traits (Ex, Agr, Con, Stable, Open) make people feel more authentic even if it is not in accordance with their Big 5 traits
Those behaviours might help you express other parts of your personality
76
________ behaviour (extraversion, agreeableness) feel more authentic, regardless of disposition too
Manipulated
77
Values are viewed ______ by all
positively
78
What are some values that are universally values
Competence
Tradition
Power
Benevolent
79
Do we feel authentic when we act in accordance to our values?
Yes, very much
>if you act against your values, you feel very not authentic
80
Is acting according to true self always best?
Usually, unless your true self is harmful to yourself or others
81
Self efficacy
The belief that you can take the steps necessary for success
82
Is self efficacy general or specific
Specific, we have different perceptions for our abilities for different tasks and in different contexts
83
Is success higher or lower when we have self efficacy about that task?
Higher
84
Causal direction between self efficacy and achievement
High self efficacy causes higher achievement
85
Why does self efficacy increase performance
high self efficacy gives us more persistence and we put more effort into things
86
Where does self efficacy come from (4) in order
- Personal experience of success
- Vicarious experience
- Persuasion (pep talk)
- Physiological states (mood states)
87
How does failure help contribute to self efficacy
Builds a sense of resilience efficacy
> that you can still succeed even if you occasionally fail
88
How is self esteem evaluated
Mostly self report through scales
89
What can self efficacy also depend on?
The social feedback we get from others
90
Typically, self esteem is thought of more as a state or trait?
Trait
| >continuity and stability over time
91
Usually self esteem is a global judgement, but there can be domains. What are some domains
- Appearance
- School
- Relationships
- Achievements
92
What domains are most important for determining self esteem
Personally valued domains
>> what we care about, is it important to us
93
What is similar to self esteem but a bit more negative
Narcissism
94
ADD CARDS FOR NOVEMBER 8Th
Self Views slide 3-19
95
Self enhancement (thinking you are better than you are) across cultures
It is seen more in individualist cultures for the self
96
Levels of self compassion across cultures
pretty similar across cultures
97
The 4 P's of creativity
Process
Products
Personality
Press
98
2 important features of creativity
1. Uniqueness (originality)
| 2. Usefulness
99
Alternate uses tasks (creativity)
Trying to generate as many alternate uses for ordinary objects as possible (paper clip)
Score it based on number of ideas, originality, flexibility of categories, elaborations/detail
100
Divergent thinking
Thinking in different ways (feature of creative thought)
101
Reduced "latent inhibition"
Your mind tries to focus on a particular thing, and filtering out other irrelevant information. It is effortless = latent. If this is reduced, you are paying attention to some of the irrelevant information
>>> Can be helpful for creativity
102
People who have lower levels of latent inhibition have increased what?
More creative products
103
Remote associates test
Getting a list of 3 words and needing to come up with one word that will make them into compound words
Ex. Fish/Mine/Rush (Gold)
104
Problem with just counting number of products to assess creativity
Does not take into account quality
105
What is a better way to assess the creativity of the product
Look at expert ratings
| Amount of usage
106
What domain of the big five correlates most with creativity
Openness
107
Does creativity seem to be stable?
Yes
108
Intelligence and expertise usually helps with creativity. To what group does this not apply?
Children
| >Because they are not constrained by what they already know
109
________ workplaces promote creativity
Autonomous
110
What types of moods promote creativity
Positive moods, especially high energy
111
Norm violation and creativity
Things that deviate from the norm promote creativity
112
Multicultural experiences promote creativity, but this is moderated by what factor
People's openness to experience (did they try new things while traveling)
113
4 characteristics of wise reasoning
- Seeing multiple perspectives
- Uncertainty (wise people do not think it is easy)
- Knowledge about the pragmatics of life (street smarts)
- Comes with prosocial motivations (cannot use wisdom for evil)
114
Self report when measuring wisdom
not outright asking, usually ask in indirect ways
Can ask about specific events
115
Measuring wisdom with scenarios
Giving people hypothetical scenarios and then assessing the qualitative response
116
Do people get wiser with age?
There is no consistent increase with age
117
Is there a correlation between wisdom and intelligence
There is a small positive correlation, but wisdom is not just intelligence
118
Correlation between well-being and wisdom
People who are wise tend to report more well being
119
Reducing what perspective can increase wise reasoning
Ego-centric
| >>Not thinking about the self can help consider more perspectives
120
What types of cultures tend to be more wise
Collectivist
121
When you think about things for a friend or for yourself, when do you exhibit more wisdom
When you are thinking about the friend you tend to engage in more wise reasoning (put your self in the other person's shoes)
122
Intelligence has a hierarchical structure, what else has that structure in PP? (3)
Values, SWB and traits
123
Clear individual ________ in "smarts"
differences
124
In what way is intelligence hierarchical
You can talk about one thing that is intelligence, and that can further be broken up into pieces
125
What did Piaget say that intelligence is?
What you use when you don't know what to do
126
What is at the top of the hierarchy of intelligence
General Intelligence (g)
127
Intelligence positively correlated with 4 things
Education achievement
Work Performance
Income
SES
128
What is negatively correlated with intelligence?
Criminal behaviour
| >the ones who are caught
129
Higher levels of "g" predicts greater _________
accomplishment
130
What specific part of "g" predicts more success in the STEM field?
Numeric ability
131
What specific part of "g" predicts success in the humanities field
Verbal ability
132
Howard Gardener argues for _______ intelligence
Multiple
133
What are some aspects that are included in the multiple intelligences model that are lacking in the IQ model
Music
Emotional
Physical
134
Does being good at something mean that you need to learn something that way? (Is there merit to learning styles)
No, matching teaching to "learning styles" does not empirically help
135
Percentage heritability of IQ
50-75% (depends on the environment)
136
Flynn Effect
IQs are rising over time
137
Education effect meta analysis for explaining that education causes increases in IQ study
Government policy changes the mandatory minimum schooling
| > The children who got more years in school have an increase in IQ
138
3 things that accomplishment depends on
1. Ability/Intelligence
2. Interests matching with work
3. Mastery/Drive (Work ethic)
139
Best study techniques (2)
1. Practice tests
| 2. Distributed practice
140
Ok study techniques (3)
1. Interleaving
2. Self explanation
3. Elaboration
141
Not-so-good study techniques (5)
1. Highlighting
2. Complete re-reading
3. Summarizing
4. Imagery (duel coding)
5. Key-word memory triggers
142
Affective forecasting
Predicting future emotions
143
What happens when we make an error in affective forecasting
it can impede happiness maximization
144
Impact bias (affective forecasting error)
People have a tendency to over-estimate the intensity or duration of emotional reactions
145
Immune neglect (reason for impact bias)
Under-estimating all we do to cope with bad experiences
146
Focusing illusion (reasons for impact bias)
Failing to consider the "whole picture"
| >>Only thinking of the one thing in focus/in question
147
2 reasons for impact bias
Immune neglect
| Focusing illusion
148
Do people accurately affective forecast the effect when talking to strangers
No, people think it will be bad, but it actually makes people happier
149
Are people happier with their purchases when there is a return policy?
No, usually people are more happy with their purchases when there is no option to return
>> may be that the brain is protecting us by making us happier because it knows there is nothing we can do about it
150
Resilience
"Maintenance, recovery, or improvement in health following challenge"
151
Many children of mentally ill parents do not develop (2)
Mental illness or behaviour problems
152
Many low SES children grow up to be
Competent, caring adults
153
People do not become _______ with old age and its challenges
miserable
154
3 main areas in the MIDUS study on resilience
1. Dealing with difficult circumstances (low SES, discrimination)
2. Dealing with aging
3. Dealing with specific challenges (abuse, illness)
155
What areas did the MIDUS study look at
```
Demographics
Health Behaviours
Life Challenges
Neuobiological Mechanisms
Psychological & Social Factors
Health & Illness
```
156
What makes it hard to parse out protective factors for resilience
It is hard to separate outcome vs protective factors
157
MIDUS SES and health finding
People with higher SES are healthier (there is a linear relationship)
158
What can buffer against low SES in terms of health
Psychological well being (mastery or control)
159
Inter Leukin 6 (an inflammatory chemical) relation with environmental mastery
Environmental mastery acts as a buffer and usually results in a decrease in IL6.
So the higher the environmental mastery, the lower the IL6
160
Maternal _______ acts as a buffer against the lower health associated with lower SES
Maternal warmth
161
Which demographic is more resilient in the US
African Americans - resilience in the face of racism
162
Relationship between acknowledging discrimination and cortisol levels
Acknowledging discrimination are associated with lower levels of cortisol
163
Why might acknowledging discrimination lower cortisol levels
Can attribute some of the difficulties in life to the discrimination, it is a coping mechanism
164
What buffers the challenges of aging (resilience) (4)
- Social support
- Physical exercise
- Sense of control
- Purpose in life
165
In older people, what acts as a buffer against cognitive decline
Social contact (talking to people)
166
_______ abuse predicts poor outcomes (health and negative affect) MIDUS
child physical abuse
167
What can buffer against life challenges and contributes to resilience (2)
Sense of control and community support
168
What predicts better outcomes after losing a spouse (MIDUS)
Positive reappraisal = people who can find something good even in hard times
169
After a heart attack, how many people showed resilience (no depression before or after)
~70%
170
Developing a depression in what timeframe around a heart attack predicted mortality
after the heart attack
171
What factor predicted resilience around a heart attack
higher life optimism
172
There seems to be _____ in depression and stress before and after an earthquake
stability
| High stress and depression before have more after too
173
Rumination coping style predicted what types of outcomes after an earthquake
worse outcomes
174
There is a small increase in what big 5 personality factor after an earthquake
Neuroticism
175
INSERT CUE CARDS FROM NOV 22
post traumatic growth
| we started social environment today
176
Prosocial behaviour
Includes anything that increases another's well being
177
Examples of prosocial behaviour that increase other's well being (3)
- Cooperation
- Helping
- Sharing
178
Does prosocial behaviour have to be altruistic?
No, the prosocial behaviour can be self serving
179
The nice parts of evolutions, 3 types of altruism
- Kin altruism
- Reciprocal altruism
- Competitive altruism
180
Kin altruism
Doing nice things for the people you are related to (allows aspects of your genes to survive)
181
Reciprocal altruism
Doing nice things for others in the hope that they will do something nice for you back
182
Competitive altruism
If you do things that are generous for strangers, it makes you look good and will make you look like a good mate and friend
183
What may be the mechanism that drives altruism
Empathy
184
What are social dilemmas
Some conflict between immediate personal benefit and the collective well being
185
What is an example of a social dilemma
Cooperation:
| It would be better for you not to cooperate, but if everyone does that, then no one wins
186
2 kinds of dilemmas
1. Common Resource dilemmas
| 2. Public Goods dilemma
187
What is the conflict of the common resource dilemma
A good exists, how much do I take
188
What is the conflict of the public good dilemma
A good is being created, should I contribute (or how much)?
189
Framing a dilemma as an ethical vs business decision, which gets more cooperation
```
Ethical = more
Business = less
```
190
Framing a dilemma as a community vs a private decision, which gets more cooperation
```
Private = less
Community = more
```
191
Having more of what 3 things increases cooperation
1. Certainty about the outcomes
2. Repeated interactions (need to have others like you)
3. Experience (knowing that usually when you are cooperative, others will also be cooperative)
192
Features of the situation that increase cooperation (4)
- Being able to communicate
- Smaller groups
- Social norms where cooperation is expected
- In-groups vs out-groups
193
If there is a miscommunication in a cooperation situation, what response is most likely to lead to the best outcomes
Giving them the benefit of the doubt once and being a little more generous than they deserve
194
Is prosocial behaviour our automatic response or do we have to consciously think about it to make ourselves do it
It seems to be more automatic
195
When we have to think about decisions, are we more or less prosocial
It seems like when people need to make fast decisions they act more pro-socially
When people are forced to think about a decision, they act less prosocial
196
Seeing fair outcomes, seeing others get rewards and donating money activates what part of the brain?
>What does this say about prosocial behaviour
Reward centres in the brain
| > Prosocial behaviour is more rewarding and thus might be more automatic
197
Evidence that the preference for prosocial behaviour emerges early (before children would have delayed gratification or have the control to stop impulses)
Before 2 years children:
- Prefer prosocial actors
- Help others without request
- Offer useful informaiton
198
What are the findings of emotions and prosocial behaviour
Helping others produces pleasure
199
3 emotions that can nudge towards prosocial behaviour
1. Awe
2. Gratitude
3. Inspiration - seeing others do prosocial behaviour makes us want to act pro-socially
200
4 kinds of love in the Quadremvirate model
Passionate
Companionate
Compassionate
Attachment
201
Passionate love begins with what?
Physical attraction, signs of liking
202
Passionate love promotes what
A sexual relationship
203
Passionate love is similar to ______ (latin)
Eros
204
Companionate love begins with what (3)
Familiarity, similarity and friendship
205
What does companionate love promote? (2)
Spending time together, expressions of liking
206
Companionate love is similar to ______ (latin)
Storge
207
What is the prototype approach to studying love
- Ask lay people to list the features of love
| - Then you ask another group of people to rate the features on how prototypical they are to love
208
Which features came out as most central to love according to the prototypical approach (5)
- Trust
- Honesty
- Caring
- Intimacy
- Respect
209
Which features of love came out as lest central according to the prototypical approach (3)
- Sexual passion
- Gazing at other
- Physiological
210
People have better memory and faster reaction time for ____ prototypical features of love
more
211
Can you have both passionate and companionate love in the same relationship
Yes
212
Overall there are more _______ between gender in terms of the understanding of love
similarities
213
Are men or women more prone to "romantic" conceptions of love
men
214
Which gender is more interested in casual sex
men
215
What is the evidence that men are more romantic (3)
- More likely to think of a long term commitment at the beginning of relationship
- Believe more in true love
- More romantic gestures
216
Which gender tends to say "I love you" first in a relationship
the man
217
Which gender is more prone to think of the pragmatics of the relationships
Women
218
Which gender scores higher in measures from companionate and friendship love
Women
219
Are there more gender or cultural differences in terms of love
Cultural
220
What are some of the key differences of love between cultures
- Choosing mates (arranged vs romantic)
| - Day to Day (live alone vs live with extended family)
221
Scores on "Eros" (passion) are high across all cultures, but it is higher in which cultures
Individualist
222
There are higher scores on "Storge" (companionate) love in which type of culture
Collectivist
223
Does passion fade into companionate love over time?
Both companionate and passionate love are high at the beginning.
Passionate love does decrease a bit, but not that much
224
Experience of love is associated with ______
Satisfaction
225
Do people say that love is important for staying together?
Pre-marriage: yes
| Marriage: not as important, there are other things keeping them together
226
What is the use of humour to deal with conflict in relationships depend on
The type of humour used
227
3 types of humour and effectiveness at dealing with conflict
1. Affiliative: lighten mood (best)
2. Aggressive: put someone down (worst)
3. Self-Defeating: putting yourself down (bad)
228
What can moderate the effect of the use of humour during conflict
Attachment style:
Secure attachment - use more affiliative humour and respond better
Insecure attachment - uses humour but cannot take it as well
229
Clinical psychology currently/historically follows _____ ideology
Illness
230
Clinical psychology started mostly in hospitals, which lead to thinking as mental illnesses as:
Pathological problems with more of a biological origin
231
Historically, did clinical psychology see mental illness as a spectrum or categorical
Categorical
232
Social Construction Approach to clinical psychology
Just because a disorder has a label and a list of symptoms does not make it exist.
> they are social constructs
233
The positive clinical psychology approach prefers referring to "disorders" as:
Problems in living
234
Positive clinical psychology approach sees problems of living as having to do with (3)
Interaction of person, situation and culture
235
More than just treatment, positive clinical psychology approach is more focused on
Prevention and enhancement
236
Positive clinical psychology approach would focus more on studying what 2 things rather than just issues
Strengths and assets
237
Is positive psychology always a good thing? What can it depend on?
Not necessarily, it depends on the context to know if a PP component (optimism, forgiveness, kindness, etc.) is a beneficial thing
> These would not be a good thing in an abusive relationship
238
In relationships, is being higher on PP things (like forgiveness or positive attributions) always beneficial?
Not necessarily, it depends on the relationship
- If the relationship is good, then they are beneficial
- If the relationship is bad, then they are detrimental (decrease satisfaction)
239
What can be a draw back from studying positive things and positive people
May not tell us about difficulty. The things that are true for happy people might not be true for unhappy people and would be hard to apply in a helpful way
240
Generally speaking, self esteem depends on the self. But it can also depend on
Social feedback
241
Is self esteem generally high or low
high
242
High self esteem is correlated to good things, but it does not:
cause the good things
243
4 good things that self esteem is correpated with
- happiness
- less depression
- academic success
- persistence after failure
244
High self esteem does not result in: (4)
- better relationships
- better performance
- staying away from drugs
- safer sex
245
does self esteem seem to be state or trait like
trait
246
How can trying to artificially raise self esteem back fire
may increase narcissism
247
3 components to self compassion
1. Treats self with kindness
2. Recognizes common humanity
3. Takes mindful approach to negative parts of self
248
There is a ______ correlation between self esteem and self compassion
high positive
249
3 main differences between self compassion and self esteem
1. Feeling safe and secure vs feeling 'better'
2. Connects to others vs distinguishing from them
3. Useful with failure vs threatened by failure
250
The self in independent cultures (5)
- describe self in traits (vs roles)
- views self as special
- remembers events in self enhancing way
- do what makes self happy
251
The self in interdependent cultures (4)
- describe self in roles (vs traits)
- variable self (related to roles)
- view self as ordinary
- less happy due to social expectation
252
What are 4 factors that predict initial attraction to a person
1. Proximity and exposure
2. Similarity
3. Physical attractiveness
4. Intimacy via sharing
253
Bank account analogy to relationships
Every positive thing is a deposit and every negative thing is a withdraw, what is the balance
254
are positive deposits "worth" as much as negative withdraws in relationships
no, the negative withdraws have more impact, so there needs to be more good than bad to come out even
255
What is the ratio of good to bad for a healthy relationship
5 good to 1 bad
256
Capitalization
Sharing good news with your partner
257
What is a key component to the effectiveness of capitalization
your partner's response
258
4 types of responses
Active - Constructive
Passive - Constructive
Active - Destructive
Passive - Destructive
259
Active - Constructive response
Authentic, enthusiastic and supportive
260
Passive - Constructive response
Understated support
261
Active - Destructive response
Pointing out the negative
262
Passive - Destructive response
Ignoring the event
263
Self-expansion theory in relationships
Growing and learning, which can take place in the context of a relationship through integrating with partner
264
What is key to self expansion in relationships
Novel and exciting activities together
265
Engaging in exciting and novel activities is correlated with what in relationships
higher satisfaction, love and relationship quality
266
What are 2 things that have been shown to be good responses to conflict in relationships
1. Forgiveness
| 2. Humour
