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Positive Psychology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Criteria for Positivity

A
  1. Choice
  2. Pleasure
  3. Values
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2
Q

Choice criteria for positivity

A

Making a consistent choice in the same direction would show preference and thus it must be positive

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3
Q

Pleasure criteria for positivity

A

Our objective experience of a situation. This varies from person to person and can fluctuate over time

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4
Q

Values criteria for positivity

A

It appeals to some sort of system or logic for figuring out what is positive

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5
Q

Appreciation as PP def validity

A

Has some useful information as a guiding framework but it is a slippery slope

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6
Q

drawbacks of positive topics being PP def

A

Not a clear definition of what positive is, and there are positive aspects to almost anything

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7
Q

Family resemblance def of PP

A

PP is not one thing, but rather a collection of things that generally seem to point towards making lives better and have a positive aspect to them

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8
Q

Which 2 disciplines if psychology are most similar to PP?`

A

Humanistic and health psych

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9
Q

How is PP different from humanism

A

PP is more scientific and interested in what makes people in general more happy rather than an individual

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10
Q

How are PP and health psych similar and different

A

Similar: both look at health about being healthy, not just absence of illness

Different: PP is less concerned with physical health

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11
Q

What are 2 limitations and one benefit to correlational studies

A

Limit:- Directionality (which is the cause)
- Third variable problem

Benefits: More naturalistic

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12
Q

What is one way to get around the directionality problem?

A

Study something with a before and an after. The thing that occurred before would have to cause the thing that came after

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13
Q

2 limits and 1 benefit to experimental studies

A

limits: - “Confounds” like the third variable problem
- Often artificial setting

Benefit:
- Confident causal direction

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14
Q

What makes p values most unreliable

A

Small sample sizes

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15
Q

4 questionable research practices

A
  1. Multiple unreported dependent variables
  2. Adding statistical controls after the data collection depending on p
  3. Adding participants depending on p
  4. Dropping experimental conditions
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16
Q

Simulations say doing questionable research practices can create false positives ___% of the time

A

60%

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17
Q

What is one way to make p-values more consistent across repeated studies (like replications)

A

Use larger sample sizes

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18
Q

Rough definition of questionable research practices

A

Things that are not clear fraud, but they are questionable because they are intentionally distorting data to benefit them

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19
Q

Why might people engage in questionable research practices

A

Because there is a lot of pressure to publish and almost no null results are published, so people need to find positive results because jobs, funding and status ride on publications

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20
Q

Why are study replications important

A

Can have more confidence in the results because hopefully the replications found the same data

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21
Q

Exact (direct) replications

A

Make the study as similar to the original as possible (method, sample, analysis)

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22
Q

Why can it be hard to do exact replication studies

A

Because there are word limits in publications so minute details might be left out of the methods section

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23
Q

Conceptual replications

A

Not a re-do of the study, but a different design testing the legitimacy of the research question.

> > looking to see if it holds up in different contexts

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24
Q

What was the general design of the Reproducibility Project

A

Get new researchers to do old studies (while in contact with original researchers to get proper methods) and replicate the old study to see if they get the same result

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25
Q

What were the results of the Reproducibility Project (3)

A
  • only ~1/3-1/2 found the same results at original
  • effect sizes were ~50% of original
  • Cog psych appeared more replicable than social psychology
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26
Q

Why is it not good to assume that original studies are true and reproductions are faluse

A

Because that undermines the basic tenants of the scientific method that hypotheses have to be falsifiable

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27
Q

Ways to ameliorate the replication crisis

A
  • More critical eye when reading findings
  • More open science practices (pre-register study)
  • Better methods
  • Rewards for replication
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28
Q

What is the correlation between positive emotions and resources

A

People who experience a lot of positive emotions also are the people who tend to have a larger social network and better coping skills

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29
Q

What is thought to be the causal direction between positive emotions and broad coping

A

Positive emotions cause broaden coping, which causes more positive emotions

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30
Q

Self over overlap (test)

A

A visual representation of two circles and how much the circles over lap represents how connected the people feel by self report

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31
Q

How does high approach motivation affect the broaden and build theory

A

Pleasant emotions like desire, will narrow attention/focus when we are seeking out that thing

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32
Q

Sensation or bodily pleasure

A

More automatic, does not require much thinking

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33
Q

Moods

A

More long lasting and are not usually about anything in particular. Can be thought of as a long term mental average

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34
Q

Disposition

A

More to do with personality, a long term style

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35
Q

Affect

A

More of a general term about feelings

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36
Q

Basic views on emotions

A

A universal list of emotions that have distinct facial and physiological states (should be able to visually ID it)

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37
Q

Dimensional view of emotion

A

Organized based on similarity looking more at general “causes” (approach &avoidance, pleasantness & activation)

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38
Q

slide 1-7 and 17-28 of Positive emotions 1 slide deck

A

:)

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39
Q

Is surprise a positive emotion

A

It can be, but it is neither positive nor negative

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40
Q

What is surprise on an emotional level

A
  • A fast, short lasting state that interrupts your attention for a simple appraisal of unexpectedness.
  • Motivates you to learn the source of the surprise
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41
Q

Interest neg or pos

A

Typically experienced as pleasant

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42
Q

Appraisal of interest

A

Follows appraisals of novelty and comprehensible events.

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43
Q

Why is interest important for learning

A

It promotes exploration and is essential to intrinsic motivation

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44
Q

Interest is related to what 2 traits

A

Trait curiosity and openness

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45
Q

Confusion pos or neg

A

usually unpleasant

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46
Q

Appraisal of confusion

A

Novelty, complexity and incomprehensible

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47
Q

Learning and confusion

A

Still promotes learning because it causes you to pay attention to resolve it

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48
Q

Do all people experience the same event at interesting or confusing?

A

No, it is a subjective appraisal, usually based on prior knowledge

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49
Q

Awe pos or neg

A

Usually experienced as very pleasant

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50
Q

Appraisal of awe

A

Follows a vast inconsistency of expectations and attempt at accommodation that are so crazy that its amazing

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51
Q

Awe and learning

A

Promotes learning because it inspires a desire to learn more

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52
Q

Awe is related to what 2 traits

A

Openness and curiosity

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53
Q

4 knowledge emotions

A
  • Confusion
  • Awe
  • Interest
  • Surprise
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54
Q

The common appraisal of all knowledge emotions

A

Novelty and complexity

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55
Q

What distinguishes interest and confusion appraisals

A

The dimension of your ability to understand

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56
Q

Where is surprise in the understandability dimension

A

In the middle because it happens so fast that you can’t determine whether you understand it

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57
Q

Benign violation approach

A

Seeing something that violates your expectations but in a non-threatening way

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58
Q

What is an example of an emotion that comes with benign violations

A

Humour

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59
Q

What is flow similar to, in what why?

A

Intrinsic motivation

Flow occurs when you are doing something that is intrinsically motivating

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60
Q

When does flow occur?

A

When challenge and ability are matched

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61
Q

What happens to you when flow occurs?

A

You lose track of time

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62
Q

Does flow happen when you are very good at a task

A

No, you get boredom

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63
Q

Do you get flow when a task is too hard?

A

No, its just stressful

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64
Q

What are 2 things need to happen after the experience for it to be considered flow?

A

You need to be satisfied and find value from the experience

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65
Q

In terms of vacation memories, do we have realistic predictions of the emotions we will feel on the trip?

A

The predicted emotions are more intense than the actual in the moment ones (positive and negative)

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66
Q

What emotions most predictive of wanting to go on a trip again?

A

Remembered emotions

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67
Q

Is there a relationship between predicted and actual emotions for vacations

A

Your expectations of how you will feel on the trip is related to the emotions you actually experiences

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68
Q

Do predicted emotions affect remembered emotions of trips?

A

What people predicted is related to what we remember.

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69
Q

Is there a difference between predicted, experiences and remembered emotions?

A

Yes

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70
Q

Which emotions are more predictive of future choices

A

Remembered emotions (after the fact)

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71
Q

2 types of happiness

A

State vs trait

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72
Q

Which type of happiness do we focus on this class?

A

Trait - like the more long term feeling

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73
Q

Subjective well being 3 components

A
  • Positive affect
  • Negative affect
  • Life satisfaction (overall vs domains)
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74
Q

“Subjective” vs “objective” well being

A

Subjective = More what people think, how they feel about their life

Objective = things that are quantifiable

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75
Q

How is subjective well being measured

A

Has to be self report

76
Q

The emotional balance of subjective well being

A

looking for more positive affect than negative affect

77
Q

Life satisfaction and subjective well being

A

Does my life have the things in it that I want it to?

78
Q

Which type of life satisfaction is generally most useful to measure for subjective well being

A

overall

79
Q

2 dimensions of the affect circumflex

A

Pleasant vs Unpleasant

High Activation vs Low Activation

80
Q

What does hedonic mean at the core

A

Just that there is a dimension of positive vs negative

81
Q

SWB is often described as the _____ approach

A

hedonic

82
Q

Aspects of eudaimonia

A
  • meaning in life
  • sense of authenticity
  • Fulfilment
83
Q

What did Aristotle’s view on eudaimonia

A

Living up to true potential and living an objective good life
> based on virtue and efforts

84
Q

Is eudaimonia based on pleasure?

A

No, it is more based on being virtuous (monk vs rock star)

85
Q

Positive relationships with other people

A

Trust others, feel connected

86
Q

Sense of autonomy

A

Doing things that you personally endorse, not controlled

87
Q

Sense of environmental mastery

A

Feeling competent

88
Q

Sense of purpose of life

A

Feel like you have goals that you are striving for

89
Q

Sense of personal growth

A

Feeling of continual development

90
Q

Sense of self acceptance

A

Having a positive attitude toward the self

91
Q

Huta’s motives for hedonia (4)

A

Seeking:

  • relaxation
  • pleasure
  • enjoyment
  • fun
92
Q

Huta’s motives for eudaimonia (4)

A

Seeking to:

  • develop a skill, learn, or gain insight
  • do what you believe in
  • pursue excellence or a personal ideal
  • use the best in yourself
93
Q

Are behaviours inherently hedonic or eudaimonic

A

Not really, it more depends on the motivation that drives the behaviours

94
Q

What is flourishing

A

Well being and positive metal health that go beyond pleasure

95
Q

Are meaning/purpose and happiness mutually exclusive?

A

No, they tend to some together

96
Q

Will people prefer happiness over satisfaction if they can only have one?

A

Not usually, people value things beyond feeling good

97
Q

Is hedonia hedonistic? (is it just drug sex and rock and roll?)

A

No, often people find some great pleasure in eudaimonic pursuits

98
Q

There is a ____ correlation between hedonia and eudaimonia

A

hight positive correlation

99
Q

What is the result of manipulating a positive mood and meaning

A

If people are induced into a positive mood, they tend to feel more meaning

100
Q

There is a ______ relationship between hedonia and eudaimonia

A

bi-directional

> they influence and cause each other

101
Q

Is “flourishing” more closely linked with hedonia or eudaimonia?

A

Eudaimonia

102
Q

Ryff’s 6 dimensions of well being

A
  • Self acceptance
  • Purpose on life
  • Environmental mastery
  • Positive relationships with others
  • Autonomy
  • Personal growth
103
Q

What is the difference between SWB and eudaimonia

A

SWB is more just for our happiness, it is closer to hedonia

Eudaimonia is more living your best life and feeling fulfilled

104
Q

On average, are most people happy?

A

Yes, in general people are higher than the middle on the happiness scale

105
Q

How does Canada rank in the national average of happiness

A

Canada is consistently in the top 10 happiness countries

106
Q

Are people who are locked in patients happy?

A

On average, yes. The longer they are locked in the happier they seem to be

107
Q

Percentage heritability of SWB

A

40-50%

108
Q

Does the high heritability percentage mean that our happiness is pre-determines

A

No, we are not blank slates, but we do not have a set happiness level at birth

109
Q

Is there a “happiness gene”

A

No, it seems like individual genes have very little effect

110
Q

The heritability of happiness can only be applied to ______

A

groups

> Cannot look at a single person and say that half of their happiness is heritable

111
Q

When the environment is more similar for people, what happens to the percentage of heritability?

A

The percentage goes up because the variability needs to be accounted for by either environment or genes, but if the environments are very similar, then the differences in the genes will account for more of the differences

112
Q

Stability of SWB over time

A

It is relatively stable over time

113
Q

SWB and personality

A

They are moderately associated

114
Q

Are there overall gender differences in happiness

A

Not really, there can be fluctuations over time, but over time they are the same

115
Q

Intelligence and SWB

A

Has not been shown to have an effect on happiness.

116
Q

Education and SWB

A

No associated with higher education and happiness

117
Q

Physical health and SWB

A

There is a small increase in happiness in people who are healthier, but not very much

118
Q

Marriage and SWB

A

On average, married people are happier than un-married people.

Never married are about as happy as married people

119
Q

What type of affect leads to more likelihood of marriage

A

happier people are more likely to get married

120
Q

Parenting and SWB

A

Inconsistent links, seems to depend more on what you mean by happiness

More meaning in life

121
Q

“Well doing” vs “well being:

A

Doing the things that make us happier like pursuing on goals and efforts that matter and are intrinsically valued

122
Q

Very happy people study results

A
  • Personality: high extraversion, low neuroticism, and high agreeableness
  • Low mental illness
  • Did experience the full range of emotions
  • Better social relationships and spent more time with others
123
Q

In the very happy people study, what was found to be the most important factor for happiness

A

Very good social relationships

  • rated feeling closer to people
  • spend more time with friends and family
  • spent little time alone
124
Q

What seems necessary for happiness in the very happy people study

A

Strong social relationships and spending time with people

125
Q

Is strong social relationships sufficient for happiness

A

No, it on its own does not automatically make you happy

126
Q

Adaptation or “hedonic treadmill”

A

Things that make us happy or unhappy over time we adjust to them and they stop having so much of an effect

127
Q

In the study that looked at lotto winners (L), accident victims (V) and controls (C), what was found when past, present and future happiness, and pleasure of everyday activities were looked at

A

Past: accident victims thought that were much happier
Present: the accident victims were significantly less happy, but the lotto winners are not much happier than controls
Future: No difference in the groups
Mundane Pleasures: all groups are pretty equal

128
Q

What are the 5 main points in the modern view of adaptation

A
  1. Set people are not neutral
  2. There are substantial individual differences in set points
  3. There are probably multiple set points (pos/neg affect, life satisfaction) –> they change at different rates and in different directions
  4. Happiness can change
  5. Individual differences in adaptation
129
Q

What 3 major negative life events have a big decrease in life satisfaction

A
  • divorce
  • widowhood
  • job loss
130
Q

Years after the 3 major negative life events happen (divorce, widow, job loss), what are peoples life satisfaction in relation to their life satisfaction after the event

A

People’s life satisfaction does increase, but it it still lower than before the event

131
Q

Of divorce, widowhood and job loss, what causes the greatest decrease in life satisfaction

A

widowhood

132
Q

Marriage tends to make people happier, does this effect last long term?

A

No, peoples life satisfaction tends to return back to the level it was before marriage

133
Q

6 exercises that boost happiness

A
  • List 3 good things of the day & why (over time)
  • List 3 funny things & why
  • Signature strengths in a new way
  • Counting the kindnesses you did
  • Gift of time (with close others)
  • One door closes, another opens reflection
134
Q

Person-activity fit key to positive emotion inductions

A

What you get the right thing, person or circumstances, you get the best results

135
Q

Across activity features (4)

A
  • Dosage (how much and how frequently)
  • Variety
  • Social support
  • Trigger (something that feeds forward, makes you do other positive things)
136
Q

Is variety a good thing in the positive exercises

A

Yes, it tends to be beneficial to do different types of positive exercises

137
Q

What does triggers mean in the across activity features

A

That doing one positive thing might cause you to do other positive things (maybe due to positive emotions)

138
Q

3 Between positive exercise activity features

A
  • Present vs Future vs Past
  • Other vs Self-Oriented
  • Social vs Reflective
139
Q

6 person features of positive exercise activity features

A
  • Motivation and effort
  • Self efficacy
  • Baseline affective state
  • Personality
  • Social Support
  • Demographics
140
Q

Motivation and effort in the effectiveness of positive exercises

A

The more motivated you feel and the more effort you put in, the more effective the mood boost is

141
Q

Should you give exercises that mirror that personality or that push them to do things they normally wouldn’t?

A

Sometimes it is good to challenge people, but you don’t want to give people things that are unpleasant for them

142
Q

What other personality feature is relate to self efficacy beliefs

A

Social support - people telling you you can do it

143
Q

4 mediators of positive emotion exercises

A
  • Positive emotions
  • Positive thoughts
  • Positive behaviours
  • Need satisfactions
144
Q

What model do the moderators of the positive emotion exercises relate to?

A

Broaden and build model –> positive emotions can lead to positive emotions, thoughts and behaviour

145
Q

Do happiness exercises work?

A

Generally, they tend to work, but there is a lot of variation

146
Q

What is necessary for lasting change in the happiness exercises

A

Effort and persistence (need to keep doing it to get the effects)

147
Q

Can you overdo trying to be happier?

A

Yes, there is some evidence that if you over do it, happiness is less than people who are not trying so hard

> > might be worried so much about happiness that it is detracting from happiness

148
Q

What is something that you need to keep in mind when considering how money effect happiness in the world

A

Is it looking within a country or between countries

149
Q

The spending of money and happiness

A

How we ourselves spend our money and how the government spends money and re-distributes the wealth

150
Q

What does it mean to say that money has diminishing returns

A

After a certain amount of money, the same amount of money increase does not produce as much of a happiness increase

151
Q

Gallop World Poll samples

A

Got representative samples of >95% in almost all countries in the world

152
Q

What type of research approach was used in the Gallop World Poll

A

Survey approach

153
Q

What was measured in the Gallop World Poll study

A 
SWB
- pos affect
- neg affect 
- what rung on the satisfaction ladder are you 
Social Resources
- respect 
- using skills 
- opportunity to learn
154
Q

Which types of counties have the highest life satisfaction?

A

The richer countries

155
Q

More money predicts more what rather than positive emotions

A

Life satisfaction

156
Q

Happiness in the country is more related to what factor in the country

A

Social resources

157
Q

What is the happiness level of poor people in a rich nation

A

They are happier than poor people in less rich nations

> Because there is better social resources and security

158
Q

What is the world standard of happiness

A

People are now comparing themselves to the wealth of people all over the world rather than just in their community, so their satisfaction is going down

159
Q

Does raising incomes over time increase SWB?

A

Yes,

160
Q

In general, money has its benefits, but:

A

what we do with it is important

161
Q

Is it only the wealth in the rich countries that contribute to the higher levels of happiness?

A

Not alone, it also seems to be the things that are done with the wealth (social programs, good infrastructure, safety) and the social system

162
Q

Materialism and SWB

A

High materialism (valuing money over other things in life) seems to relate to lower SWB

163
Q

As materialistic values go up, pro social and environmentally conscious values go ______

A

down

164
Q

Spending money on ______ seems to facilitate happiness

A

Others

165
Q

Is there a bigger boost to mood if people receive $5 vs $20 on themselves

A

Not really, there seems to be the same increase in mood

166
Q

Is the phenomenon of prosocial spending increasing mood replicable world wide

A

Yes, for the majority of countries, proposal spending increases happiness

167
Q

What theory seems to explain why prosocial spending is related to increased happiness

A

Self determination Theory

168
Q

3 aspects of self determination theory

A
  • Relatedness - close vs distant others
  • Competence - see the direct impact
  • Autonomy - choice
169
Q

When you do prosocial spending, what part of the brain is more active

A

reward pathways

170
Q

Money and savouring

A

The more money people have, the less savouring they tend to do

171
Q

Religion and happiness

A

Religion seems to make people happier

172
Q

Does the particular religion have an effect on the amount of happiness felt?

A

Not really, they all seem to give the same mood boost

173
Q

What are 3 possible mediators (reasons) that religion increases happiness

A
  • respect
  • support
  • meaning
174
Q

What were the results of the religion poll in the USA

A
  • Religious importance ranged from 44%-88% (between states)
  • Difficult circumstances associated with religion
  • Difficult circumstances associated with lower SWB, but religion seemed to help
  • Associations stronger at state (vs individual) level (suggests that it has something to do with the community)
175
Q

Religion does more for you if you are in a _______ place

A

religious

176
Q

Gallop world poll and religion results

A
  • About 68% of the world finds religion importance in daily life
  • Much variation across world (99% to 16%)
177
Q

Canada vs US in religiosity

A

Canada 45%

USA 66%

178
Q

More Gallop World Poll religion results

A
  • Difficult circumstances associated with more religion
  • stronger at nation (vs individual) level
  • National circumstances seems to produce religiosity more than individual circumstances
179
Q

Religiosity and satisfaction correlation

A

More religious countries have lower SWB

> > > But this is eliminated or reversed when controlling for circumstances

180
Q

Religion and circumstances

A

Religion is helpful in bad circumstances and religion seems less important in good circumstances

181
Q

In countried like Sweden, religion does not seem to increased happiness, but what does it increase?

A

Meaning in life

182
Q

What does it mean to say that the benefits of religion is dependent on the person-environment fit?

A

If your beliefs are congruent to the beliefs of the society you live in then you experience the boost from religion. But if your beliefs are incongruent then you will not experience the boost

183
Q

Does religion cause happiness?

A

We don’t know, all the beautiful data from the Gallop World Poll is only correlational

184
Q

Main strength of Gallop World Poll

A
  • representative
185
Q

Limitations of Gallop World Poll

A
  • Survey

- Very limited questions asked that might be missing things

186
Q

How do we resolve the religion paradox

A

Maybe it is not a paradox, it is easier to be happier without religion in wealthier countries so its just not really needed

187
Q

What eliminates own race facial recognition bias

A

joy

Positive Psychology (3 decks)

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