Lecture 2 Flashcards
How to construct social behaviour?
- as the outcome of the intentions and the behaviour of the actor
- as the outcome of the actions of the collective and the setting
What is a symbolic construct?
The self
What does the self reflect?
Counsciousness of our own identity and awareness that we exist as an individual, seperate from other individuals
What did Lewis and Brooks (1978) do for the development of self-awareness?
- put a spot of rouge on a babies nose and put them in front of a mirror
- babies between 9mths and two years treated mirror image as another child & showed no interest in spot on nose
- 18mths children recognised that the reflection was themselves
When is private self-awareness provokes?
- looking in a mirror
* experiencing physiological arousal
What are the three consequences of private self-awareness?
- Intensified emotional responses
- Clarification of knowledge
- Adherence to personal standards of behaviour
When was public sled-awareness evoked?
- giving a presentation
* being photographed or filmed
What are the 3 consequences of public self-awareness?
- Evaluation apprehension
- Loss of self-esteem
- Adherence to social standards of behaviour.
What is self-conscious?
The extent to which an individual is chronically aware of their traits, feelings and behaviour.
What happens with private self-consciousness?
- experience more intense emotions
- act in line with personal beliefs
- more accurate self-perceptions (Mullen and Suls, 1982)
What is public self-consciousness?
- adhere to group norms
- avoid embarrassing situations (Froming et al., 1990)
- more concerned with appearance and how others perceive them
What is a self schema?
How we expect ourselves to think, feel and behave in a particular situation
What is the self-concept maintenance?
How the self is defined, and affects behaviour depends on comparisons to other people, things, etc.
The self can be compared with perceptions of?
- how the self should be
- with other individuals
- with other groups
- Compare self with standards
- Attempt to change behaviour
- Re-test self against standards
What are the theories of self-concept maintenance?
THEORIES OF SELF-COMPARISON
- Control theory of self-regulation
- Self-discrepancy theory
THEORIES OF INDIVIDUAL COMPARISON
- Social comparison theory
- Self-evaluation maintenance model
THEORIES OF GROUO COMPARISON
5. Social identity approach
One important thing about self-regulation?
Self-regulating in one area makes it hard to self-regulate in another.
What is Higgins, Bind, Klein, and Strauman’s (1986) self-discrepancy theory?
• participants either had low or high descrepancy between their ideal and their actual or ought selves.
What is social conparison theory (Festinger, 1954)?
- beliefs, feelings and behaviours are subjective
- comparisons with others offers a degree of objectivity
- we learn how to define the self by comparing ourselves to others.
What are the behavioural comparisons we can make?
• upward comparisons: to someone ‘better’
• downward comparisons: to someone ‘worse’
(For example: a student who is more or less smart than you)
What is Schacter’s, (1959) two factor theory that the experience of emotion is based on?
- Physiological arousal
2. Cognitive interpretation of that arousal
What is Tesser’s (1998) self-evaluation maintenance model?
When someone is more successful than us, it can have a negative effect on our self-esteem.
How do we deal with self-evaluation maintenance model?
Social reflection
What is social reflection?
Self-esteem derived from the achievements of others
What are two conditions for social comparison?
- The domain in which the individual is successful must be irrelevant to us —> success adds to our abilities
- We must be certain about abilities in that domain —> others’ success should pose no threat
