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HUBS immunology > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

skin defense physical barrier 1: epidermis

A

thin layer dead cells, keratin phagocytotic immune cells

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2
Q

skin defense physical barrier 2: dermis

A

thick layer of connective tissue
collagen
blood vessels
phagocytotic immune cells

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3
Q

skin defense chemical 1 : skin defensins

A

Antimicrobial peptides
Active against bacteria, fungi and viruses
Form pore holes in microbial membranes so microbes lose nutrients essential ions

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4
Q

skin defense chemical 2: lysozymes

A

enzyme from sweat glands and tears that breaks down bacterial cell walls

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5
Q

skin defense chemical 3: sebum

A

from sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles

low pH fluid prevents microbial growth colonisation

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6
Q

Skin defense chemical 4: salt

A

from sweat glands

creates hypertonic environment dehydrates pathogens

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7
Q

what are mucous membranes

A

1-2 layers of epithelium
Tightly packed live cells, renewed by stem cells Contains mucus-producing goblet cells
Lines body cavities body parts exposed to outside/air
Made of mucus layer, epithelium, fibrous connective tissue (lamina propria)

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8
Q

where are mucousal membranes

A 
(line parts of the body that lead to the outside and are exposed to air)
occular
respiratory
oral
urogenital/rectal
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9
Q

1) the mucociliary escalator (respiratory)

A

mucus watery layer (traps dust particles and pathogens)
cilia synchronised beating motion (2-3 cm/hr)
goblet cell
columnar cell
basement membrane
- remove pathogens via coughing

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10
Q

2) gastrointestinal tract (oral)

A

stomach low pH (2-3)
gall bladder- bile secretion- breakdown lipid membrane
intestine - digestive enzymes
mucus (traps microbes)
Defensins (makes pores/holes) kill breakdown microorganisms inhibit growth
Diarrhoea and vomiting remove pathogens

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11
Q

3) tears (occular)

A

flushing action
lysozyme enzyme
wash away pathogens

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12
Q

4) urogenital tract

A 
urine flow
contains lysozyme
low pH
high osmolarity (hypertonic to bacteria)
has cilia
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13
Q

number of cells layers (skin vs MM)

A

many, 1-few

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14
Q

tightly packed cells

A

yes, yes

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15
Q

cells dead or alive

A

outer dead inner alive, alive

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16
Q

mucus present

A

no, yes

17
Q

lysosyme and defensins present

A

yes, some cases

18
Q

sebum present

A

yes, no

19
Q

cilia present?

A

no, in trachea and uterine tubes

20
Q

how can physical chemical barriers be breached e.gs

A

e.g samonella rabies, drugs, penetration, mosquito

21
Q

what increases chance of breached barriers

A

dry skin, exema, not so robust penetrate lack sebum

vulnerable and scratching

22
Q

cells of innate immune system 3 blood cell lineages

A

bone marrow stem cells source, hematopoiesis

  • Erythroid - RBC erythrocytes
  • Myeloid - granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets (innate immune cells)
  • Lymphoid- B and T lymphocytes ( adaptive immune cells)
23
Q

granulocytes in blood

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

24
Q

neutrophils (in blood)

A

75% of all leukocytes, highly phagocytic “eat and kill” numbers in blood increase during infection

25
Q

eosinophils (in blood)

A

1-6% of all leukocytes, release toxic granules to kill parasite- numbers in blood increase during parasitic infection

26
Q

basophils (in blood)

A

0.5% of all leukocytes, release granules that can mediate allergic reactions or flight worm infection

27
Q

transport of granulocytes in blood

A

circulate in blood and can move into tissue during inflammation

28
Q

granulocytes (tissue)

A

mast cells line mucosal surfaces (not in blood)

release granules that attract WBCs to areas of tissue damage (chemoattractants)

29
Q

monocytes (in blood)

A

present in blood low phagocytosis
leave blood- develop into macrophages in tissues
e.g spleen, liver, high phagocytosis

30
Q

macrophages (in tissues)

A

resident (sessile) or move through tissues (migratory)
3 important functions:
1. phagocytes
2. release chemical messengers
3. show information about pathogenic microbes to T cells (linking innate and adaptive immunity)

31
Q

dendritic cells (blood and tissue in contact with environement)

A

phagocytic

MOST IMPORTANT CELL TYPE TO HELP TRIGGER ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES

32
Q

how are immune cells carried around the body

A
  • carried in blood and lymph
  • can leave blood to enter tissue
  • lymph in tissues collect into lymphatic vessels which then drain into lymph nodes
33
Q

5 (4) signs of inflammation

A
  1. heat (movement of blood)
  2. redness (vasodilation leakage)
  3. swelling (cells-injury)
  4. pain (inflammation, swelling)
34
Q

fever

A
  1. temperature > 37C
  2. resetting thermostat (hypothalamus)
  3. pyrogens (set off warm fever)
  4. phagocytes produce chemical messenger and pyrogen interleukin-1 (IL-1) after ingesting bacteria
  5. decreases phagocytosis, IL-1, temperature

HUBS immunology (6 decks)

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