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Bio 371 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

T/F: multicellularity has independently occurred between organisms with no common ancestor

A
  • true
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2
Q

What’s the most diverse group of eukaryotes?

A
  • opisthokonts
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3
Q

What’s included under opisthokonts?

A
  • animals
  • choanoflagellates
  • fungi
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4
Q

What has the most diversity under animals?

A
  • insects
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5
Q

What does opisthokonts mean?

A
  • single, posterior (opisthios) flagellum (knots
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6
Q

What’s a clue that you’re looking at a opisthokont?

A
  • highly folded mitochondria

- flat cristae

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7
Q

What’s a likely explanation of how animals originated?

A
  • likely from a colony of choanolagellate (which is an opisthokont)
    1) colonial flagellated protist with unspecialized cells
    2) certain cells became specialized for feeding and other functions
    3) a developmental reorganization produced a 2-layered animal with a sac-within-a-sac body plan (digestive cavity)
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8
Q

What are 7 characteristics of opisthokont animals?

A
  • multicellular eukaryote
  • chemoheterotrophic
  • no cell walls (cell membranes contact adjacent cell membranes)
  • motile (at some stage, can be a short period)
  • oxidative phosphorylation to supply ATP (mitochondira)
  • sense and respond to the environment
  • usually diploid stage is dominant, haploid is short lived
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9
Q

What does chemoheterotrophic mean?

A
  • it gets its energy from eating high energy molecules
  • doesn’t get energy directly from sun
  • gets carbon from preexisting carbon molecules (don’t make them)
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10
Q

T/F: pretty much every living thing can sense and respond to the environment, but animals are very adept because they are highly mobile

A
  • true
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11
Q

What 3 diagnostic characteristics only found in animals?

A
  • develops from a blastula
  • certain extracellular matrix molecules (ex the proteoglycan collagen) aka things that glue animals together
  • certain cell-cell membrane junctions
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12
Q

What junctions are specific to animals?

A
  • tight/septate junctions
  • desmosomes
  • gap junctions
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13
Q

What are tight/ septate junctions?

A
  • no leaky
    stops stuff from leaking between cells
  • tight = vertebrate
  • septate = invertebrate
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14
Q

What are desmosomes?

A
  • leaky links between cells

- wants fluid to move between cells

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15
Q

What are gap junctions?

A
  • cell membrane connect through a pore
  • electrical connection
  • allows ions to pass through to communicate different things to each other
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16
Q

What’s included under archaeplastids?

A
  • glaucocystophytes
  • red algae
  • green algae aka land plants
17
Q

What are 5 characteristics of archaeplastida plants?

A
  • multicellular eukaryotes
  • photoautotrophic (mostly)
  • cell walls
  • sessile
  • alternation of generations life cycle
18
Q

What are the 2 generations in the life cycle of plants?

A
  • haploid (gamteophyte)
  • diploid (sporophyte)
  • both of these are prominent and multicellular
19
Q

T/F: the only photosynthetic organisms are some plants

A
  • false

- lots throughout eukaryotes

20
Q

What does multicellularity and photosynthesis have in common?

A
  • they both independently/ randomly appeared in the phylogenetic tree with no common ancestor
21
Q

When did the first land plants appear? Were they the only plants?

A
  • 460 million years ago

- there were other plants

22
Q

When did the first animals appear?

A
  • 600 million years ago
23
Q

What are the differences in cell structure between opisthokonts and archaeplastida?

A
  • cell wall
  • large vacuole
  • chloroplast
24
Q

How does the cell wall support the plant?

A
  • helps cell grow large while still being supported
  • important for water transport, large difference in osmatic pressure between the inside and outside of the cell - uses those differences to move fluids around the plant
25
Q

How does the large vacuole support the plant?

A
  • turgor pressure, keeps the plant standing up

- can reduce or increase the metabolism based on the vacuole

26
Q

How do chloroplasts support the cell wall?

A
  • allows plants to be photosynthetic

- some plants have lost their chloroplasts, but are still plants (most still have them)

27
Q

Are plants photoautotrophic?

A
  • yes

- they can get energy directly from the sun and they make their own carbon

28
Q

T/F: there are photosynthetic animals who use chloroplasts

A
  • false

- there are photosynthetic animals but they never have chloroplasts

29
Q

Can animal has photosynthetic abilities?

A
  • some corals

- can photosynthesize but they don’t have chloroplsts

30
Q

How are opisthokonts and archaeplastida different in mobility?

A
  • most plants don’t move around

- most animals have to move

31
Q

Why don’t archaeplastida need to move?

A
  • they’re photoautotrophs, so they don’t need to move to acquire energy and carbon
32
Q

T/F: plants don’t move at all

A
  • false

- plants move buy growing up/ down/ laterally, in response to stimuli, disperse polled/ seeds

33
Q

Why do animals have to move?

A
  • they’re chemoheterotrophs, so they need to eat things to acquire energy and carbon

Bio 371 (3 decks)

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