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Patho Exam 2 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Dysphagia

A 
difficulty swallowing
Causes: 
Esophageal stenosis or stricture
Esophageal diverticula
Esophageal tumors
Stroke
Cerebral damage
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2
Q

Dysphasia

A

difficulty speaking

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3
Q

Emesis

A

vomitus

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4
Q

Hematemesis

A

blood in the vomit
Has a characteristic “coffee grounds” appearance resulting from protein in the blood being partially digested
Blood is irritating to the gastric mucosa
Upper GI bleeding is often the cause

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5
Q

Colic

A

pain in the abdomen, usually caused by gas

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6
Q

Leukocytosis

A

increased white blood cells in blood

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7
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowing of tissues due to increased levels of bilirubin

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8
Q

“Frank” Blood

A

obvious blood

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9
Q

Occult Blood

A

“hidden” blood, not obvious

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10
Q

Melena

A

black “tarry” feces from blood

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11
Q

Exudate

A

drainage produced from infection or inflammation

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12
Q

Gangrene

A

death of body tissue

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13
Q

sepsis

A

infection in the blood

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14
Q

Ascites

A

fluid collection in the abdomen

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15
Q

Steatorrhea

A

high fat content in the feces

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16
Q

Hepatic

A

of the liver

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17
Q

Peritoneum

A

space around abdominal organs

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18
Q

Stenosis

A

narrowing

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19
Q

Peristalsis

A

movement of colonic smooth muscle

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20
Q

Intrathoracic

A

inside the chest

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21
Q

Carcinoma

A

cancerous

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22
Q

Atrophic

A

wasting of body tissue

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23
Q

Epigastric

A

upper central region of abdomen

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24
Q

Perforation

A

a hole made by “piercing”

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25
Q

Arthralgia

A

joint pain

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26
Q

Calculi

A

stone in the body

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27
Q

Autoimmune

A

abnormal immune response to the body’s own tissues

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28
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in tissue cell production

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29
Q

Percutaneous

A

through the skin

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30
Q

Permucosa

A

through the muscosa

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31
Q

Fibrosis

A

excessive formation of connective tissue

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32
Q

Encephalopathy

A

brain disease

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33
Q

“Chole”

A

of the gallbladder

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34
Q

Malabsorption

A

poor absorption

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35
Q

Gastrointestinal System

A

Consumes, digests, and eliminates food
Includes
Upper Division: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
Lower Division: small intestine, large intestine, and anus
Hepatobiliary System: liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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36
Q

Four Layers

A

mucosa, submucosal(contains blood vessels, nerve), muscle, serosa

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37
Q

Peritoneum

A

large serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity – IS STERILE!

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38
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

space between the two layers

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39
Q

Gastric motility

A

Peristalsis

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40
Q

Small intestinal motility

A

Segmentation and peristalsis

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41
Q

Colonic motility

A

Haustrations and propulsive mass movement

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42
Q

Oral phase

swallowing

A

voluntary

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43
Q

Pharyngeal phase

A

involuntary; prevents from food entering the nasopharynx when a patient is eating

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44
Q

Esophageal phase

A

involuntary

Initiates peristalsis
Primary versus secondary

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45
Q

The mesentery contains the intestine’s blood supply.

A

True

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46
Q

Bilirubin

A

is the byproduct of the breakdown and release of hemoglobin from old red blood cells becomes unconjugated bilirubin.

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47
Q

Liver

A

links unconjugated bilirubin in blood to glucuronide –> conjugated bilirubin–> bile

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48
Q

Excess unconjugated bilirubin in blood

A

bilirubinemia–> jaundice

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49
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Increase in bilirubin levels

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50
Q

Liver

A

Main functions

  1. Metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fats
  2. Metabolize medications to prepare them for excretion
  3. Synthesize glucose, protein (Albumin), cholesterol, triglycerides, and clotting factors.
  4. Detoxify blood of potentially harmful chemicals
  5. Maintain intravascular fluid volume – Colloidal ONCOTIC PRESSURE (Albumin)!
  6. Produce bile
  7. Remove damaged or old erythrocytes to recycle iron and protein (this cycle produces the waste product bilirubin).
  8. Serve as a blood reservoir-VERY VASCULAR
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51
Q

Pancrease

A

Exocrine functions: produces enzymes (lipase, amylase, protease), electrolytes, sodium bicarbonate, and water necessary for digestion

Endocrine function: produces hormones to help regulate blood glucose (glucagon, insulin, amylin) – key organ in blood glucose regulation

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52
Q

Gall Bladder

A

stores bile produced by the liver
Lower GI tract
Continues digestion
Absorbs nutrients and water

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53
Q

Cleft lip and Palate

A

Common congenital defects of the mouth and face
Apparent at birth and vary in severity
Usually develop in the 2nd or 3rd month of gestation
Multifactoral in origin
Can affect the one’s appearance
May lead to problems with feeding, speech, ear infections, and hearing problems
May occur separately or together
Cleft palate results from failure of the hard and soft palate to fuse in development
Teeth and nose malformations may also be present

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54
Q

Cleft lip and palate treatment

A 
Temporary measures (e.g., special nipples or dental appliances)
Surgical repair, cosmetic plastic surgery, 
Speech therapy, orthodontist consultation, and multidisciplinary case management
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55
Q

Pyloric Stenosis

A

Narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter.
May be present at birth or develop later in life
The exact cause of pyloric stenosis is unknown
Most common in Caucasians and males

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56
Q

Pyloric Stenosis Manifestations

A 
Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing
A hard mass in the abdomen, 
Regurgitation, 
Projectile vomiting, 
Wavelike stomach contractions, 
Small and infrequent stools, 
Failure to gain weight, 
Dehydration
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57
Q

Dysphagia

A 
Sensation of food being stuck in the throat
Choking
Coughing 
“pocketing” food in the cheeks
 Difficulty forming a food bolus
Delayed swallowing
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58
Q

Vomiting

A

Involuntary or voluntary forceful ejection of chyme from the stomach up through the esophagus and out the mouth

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59
Q

Vomiting causes

A

protection, reverse peristalsis, increased intracranial pressure, and severe pain

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60
Q

Involuntary vomiting sequ

A

A deep breath is taken.
The glottis closes and the soft palate rises.
Respirations cease to minimize the risk of aspiration.
The gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes.
Abdominal muscles contract, squeezing the stomach against the diaphragm and forcing the chyme upward into the esophagus.
Reverse peristaltic waves eject chyme out of the mouth.

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61
Q

Involuntary vomiting sequence

A

A deep breath is taken.
The glottis closes and the soft palate rises.
Respirations cease to minimize the risk of aspiration.
The gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes.
Abdominal muscles contract, squeezing the stomach against the diaphragm and forcing the chyme upward into the esophagus.
Reverse peristaltic waves eject chyme out of the mouth.

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62
Q

Yellow or green colored vomitus

A

Usually indicates the presence of bile

GI tract obstruction

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63
Q

A deep brown colored vomitus

A

May indicate content from the lower intestine

64
Q

Undigested food vomitus

A

Caused by conditions that impair gastric emptying

65
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

A stomach section protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm toward the lung

66
Q

Hiatal Hernia Causes

A 
Weakening of the diaphragm muscle
Increased intrathoracic pressure
Increased intra-abdominal pressure
Trauma
Congenital defects
67
Q

Hiatal Hernia Manifestations

A

Include: indigestion, heartburn, frequent belching, nausea, chest pain, strictures, dysphagia, and soft upper abdominal mass (protruding stomach pouch)
Worsen with recumbent (flat in bed) positioning, eating (especially after large meals), bending over, and coughing

68
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus
Bile can also back up into the esophagus

69
Q

GERD Causes

A 
Certain food (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint)
Alcohol consumption
Smoking
Hiatal hernia
Obesity
Pregnancy
Certain medications
Delayed gastric emptying
70
Q

GERD manifestations

A

heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat

71
Q

Why does GERD feel like a burn?

A

The lining of your esophagus is more delicate than the lining of your stomach. So, the acid in your esophagus causes a burning sensation in your chest.

72
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach’s mucosal lining

73
Q

Acute gastritis

A

Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage
Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain

74
Q

Chronic gastritis

A

Develops gradually

May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake

75
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines usually because of an infection or allergic reaction

76
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Most common cause of chronic gastritis

77
Q

Gastritis other causes

A

Organisms transmitted through food and water contamination
Medications that irritate the gastric mucosa
Excessive alcohol use
Severe stress
Autoimmune conditions.

78
Q

Gastritis manifestations

A 
Indigestion, 
Heartburn
Epigastric pain
Abdominal cramping
Nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia
Dark Tarry Stools
79
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A 
Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum 
Risk factors:
Male
Increased age
GI irritating medications
H. pylori infections
Gastric tumors
Those for GERD (e.g., smoking and alcohol use)
80
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease Manifestations

A 
Complications: 
GI hemorrhage
Obstruction
Perforation
Peritonitis
Manifestations: 
Epigastric or abdominal pain
Abdominal cramping
Heartburn
Indigestion
Nausea and vomiting
81
Q

Disorders of the Gallbladder

A

Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
Acute and chronic cholecystitis
Choledocholithiasis
Cholangitis

82
Q

Cholangitis

A

Inflammation of the common bile duct

83
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

Stones in the common bile duct

84
Q

Acute and chronic cholecystitis

A

Inflammation caused by irritation due to concentrated bile

85
Q

Cholelithiasis (gallstones)

A

Cholesterol, calcium salts, or mixed

86
Q

Cholelithiasis (gallstones)

A

Cholesterol, calcium salts, or mixed

Common condition that affects both genders and all ethnic groups relatively equally.
Usually the gall stones lodge in the common bile duct.

Manifestations:
biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever, and leukocytosis

risk factor- advancing age

87
Q

Cholestasis

A

Bile flow in the liver slows down.
Bile accumulates and forms plugs in the ducts.
Ducts rupture and damage liver cells
Alkaline phosphatase released into blood
The liver is unable to continue processing bilirubin.
Increased bile acids in blood and skin
Pruritus (itching)

88
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation or infection caused my calculi
May vary in severity according to size
May obstruct the bile flow and cause gallbladder rupture

89
Q

Hepatitis

A 
Inflammation of the liver 
Causes: 
Infections (usually viral)
Alcohol
Liver toxic medications
Autoimmune disease 
Can be acute, chronic, or fulminant
Can be active or non-active
90
Q

Hepatitis nonviral

A

Usually recover
May develop liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis
Not contagious

91
Q

Hepatitis viral

A

Contagious
Usually recovers with no residual damage
Advancing age and comorbidity increase the likelihood that liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis will develop

92
Q

Liver Function Tests (Labs)

A

Aminotransferases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
ALT is primarily found in the liver.
AST is found in many tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, brain).

ALT is more sensitive and specific than AST for liver damage.

93
Q

Other lab tests

A 
Bilirubin
Albumin
Partial Tissue Thromboplastin (PTT)
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALK), and 
Gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT).
94
Q

Acute hepatitis

A

has three phases

95
Q

Chronic hepatitis

A

Hepatic disease lasting longer than 6 months
Symptom severity and disease progression varies depending on degree of liver damage
Can quickly deteriorate with declining liver function

96
Q

Fulminant hepatitis

A

An uncommon, rapidly progressing form that can quickly lead to liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, or death within 3 weeks

97
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function

Scar tissue partially blocks sinusoids and bile canaliculi

Causes:
Hepatitis and all those factors that can lead to hepatitis
Chronic alcohol abuse is the most frequent cause of cirrhosis in the United States
Hepatitis is the most common etiology in developing countries

98
Q

Stages of liver damage

A
  1. Healthy
  2. Fatty liver(steatosis): fat deposits cause liver enlargement
  3. Liver fibrosis: scar tissue forms
  4. Cirrhosis: connective tissue growth destroys cells
99
Q

Alcoholic hepatitis

A

Liver inflammation and liver cell failure

100
Q

Veins Draining Into the Hepatic Portal System

A

Portal hypertension causes pressure in these veins to increase.

Collateral channels and shunts develop.

Organs engorge with blood.

101
Q

End Stage Liver Disease

A 
common symptoms: 
Anorexia
Weakness
Nausea/Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
common signs:
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Ascites
Jaundice
Spider Angiomas
Encephalopathy
102
Q

Hematologic disorders

A

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulation defects, leukopenia

103
Q

End Stage Liver Disease

A 
common symptoms: 
Anorexia
Weakness
Nausea/Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
common signs:
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Ascites
Jaundice
Spider Angiomas
Encephalopathy: confusions
104
Q

Endocrine disorders

A

Fluid retention, hypokalemia, disordered sexual functions (build up in body).

105
Q

Skin disorders

A

Jaundice, red palms, spider nevi

106
Q

Hepatorenal syndrome

A

Azotemia, increased plasma creatinine, oliguria

107
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Asterixis (hand flapping tremor), confusion, coma, convulsions

108
Q

Cirrhosis Manifestations

A 
sparse body hair
muscle wasting
spider angioma
jaundice
dilated vessels
confusion
109
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas leading to autodigestion of the pancreas and surrounding tissue.
Very painful
Can be acute or chronic

110
Q

acute pancreatitis

A

Considered a medical emergency
Mortality increases with advancing age and comorbidity

Causes: 
Cholelithiasis 
Alcohol abuse
Biliary dysfunction
Trauma
Renal failure
Endocrine disorders
Pancreatic tumors
111
Q

Manifestations of acute pancreatitis

A

Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back
Nausea and vomiting
Mild jaundice
Low-grade fever
Blood pressure and pulse changes – severe hypovolemia
Steatorrhea for chronic pancreatitis

112
Q

Pancreatitis history

A

Recent operative or other invasive procedures
Family history of hypertriglyceridemia
Previous biliary colic and binge alcohol consumption (major causes of acute pancreatitis)

113
Q

Pancreatitis physical findings

A 
Fever 
Tachycardia 
Hypotension
Abdominal tenderness
Muscular guarding
Abdominal distention 
Diminished or absent bowel sounds
114
Q

Unusual signs-may indicate a complication: Pancreatitis

A

Jaundice (28%)
Dyspnea (10%); tachypnea; basilar rales, especially in the left lung

In severe cases, hemodynamic instability (10%) and hematemesis or melena (5%); pale, diaphoretic, and listless appearance
Occasionally, extremity muscular spasms secondary to hypocalcemia

115
Q

Pancreatitis complications

A 
Diabetes mellitus (why?): mainly occurs due to the destruction of islet cells by pancreatic inflammation
Infection
Shock
Renal failure
Malnutrition,
Pancreatic cancer
116
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

A

Have signs and symptoms similar to acute pancreatitis
Often have:
Digestive problems because of inability to deliver enzymes to the duodenum
Glucose control problems because of damage to the islets of Langerhans
Signs of biliary obstruction because of underlying bile tract disorders or duct compression by tumors

117
Q

Diarrhea (symptom)

A

Change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amount, and water content of the stool
Acute diarrhea
Often caused by viral or bacterial infections or certain medications (e.g., antibiotics, antacids, and laxatives)
Chronic diarrhea
Last longer than 4 weeks
Causes: inflammatory bowel diseases, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, and radiation

118
Q

Diarrhea

A

Originating in the small intestine
Stools are large, loose, and provoked by eating
Originating in the large intestine
Stools are small and frequent
Acute diarrhea is generally infectious and accompanied by cramping, fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting
Fluid, electrolyte, and pH imbalances

119
Q

Constipation (symptom)

A 
Change in bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool in reference to the individual’s typical bowel pattern
Causes:
Low-fiber diet
Inadequate physical activity,
Insufficient fluid intake,
Delaying the urge to defecate,
Laxative abuse
Stress
Travel
Bowel diseases
Chronic constipation also greatly increases the patient’s risk of colon cancer!
120
Q

Constipation manifestations

A

pain during the passage of a bowel movement,
inability to pass stool after straining or pushing for more than 10 minutes,
no bowel movements for more than 3 days,
decreased bowel sounds from decreased peristalsis.

121
Q

Constipation treatment

A

increasing dietary fiber
increase in hydration
increasing physical activity (this increases peristalsis)
defecating when initial urge is sensed
taking stool softeners
digitally removing impaction (yes, this is the nurse’s job )

122
Q

Intestinal Obstruction

A

Blockage of intestinal contents in the small intestine or large intestine.
Causes
Mechanical obstructions: foreign bodies, tumors, hernias, intussusception, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, and fecal impaction
Functional obstructions (also called paralytic ileus):
Neurologic impairment
Intra-abdominal surgery complications
Electrolyte disturbances
Intra-abdominal infections
Abdominal blood supply impairment

123
Q

Intestinal Obstruction manifestations

A 
Abdominal distension
Abdominal cramping
Pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation
Diarrhea
Decreased or absent bowel sounds
124
Q

Pancreatitis complications

A 
Diabetes mellitus (why?): mainly occurs due to the destruction of islet cells by pancreatic inflammation
Infection
Shock
Renal failure
Malnutrition,
Pancreatic cancer
125
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer

A

Have signs and symptoms similar to acute pancreatitis
Often have:
Digestive problems because of inability to deliver enzymes to the duodenum
Glucose control problems because of damage to the islets of Langerhans
Signs of biliary obstruction because of underlying bile tract disorders or duct compression by tumors

126
Q

Diarrhea (symptom)

A

Change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amount, and water content of the stool
Acute diarrhea
Often caused by viral or bacterial infections or certain medications (e.g., antibiotics, antacids, and laxatives)
Chronic diarrhea
Last longer than 4 weeks
Causes: inflammatory bowel diseases, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, and radiation

127
Q

Diarrhea

A

Originating in the small intestine
Stools are large, loose, and provoked by eating
Originating in the large intestine
Stools are small and frequent
Acute diarrhea is generally infectious and accompanied by cramping, fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting
Fluid, electrolyte, and pH imbalances

128
Q

Constipation (symptom)

A 
Change in bowel pattern characterized by infrequent passage of stool in reference to the individual’s typical bowel pattern
Causes:
Low-fiber diet
Inadequate physical activity,
Insufficient fluid intake,
Delaying the urge to defecate,
Laxative abuse
Stress
Travel
Bowel diseases
Chronic constipation also greatly increases the patient’s risk of colon cancer!
129
Q

Constipation manifestations

A

pain during the passage of a bowel movement,
inability to pass stool after straining or pushing for more than 10 minutes,
no bowel movements for more than 3 days,
decreased bowel sounds from decreased peristalsis.

130
Q

Constipation treatment

A

increasing dietary fiber
increase in hydration
increasing physical activity (this increases peristalsis)
defecating when initial urge is sensed
taking stool softeners
digitally removing impaction (yes, this is the nurse’s job )

131
Q

Intestinal Obstruction

A

Blockage of intestinal contents in the small intestine or large intestine.
Causes
Mechanical obstructions: foreign bodies, tumors, hernias, intussusception, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, and fecal impaction
Functional obstructions (also called paralytic ileus):
Neurologic impairment
Intra-abdominal surgery complications
Electrolyte disturbances
Intra-abdominal infections
Abdominal blood supply impairment

132
Q

Intestinal Obstruction manifestations

A 
Abdominal distension
Abdominal cramping
Pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Constipation
Diarrhea
Decreased or absent bowel sounds
133
Q

Appendicitis

A 
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix 
Most often caused by an infection
Complications: 
Abscesses
Peritonitis
Gangrene
Death
134
Q

Appendicitis Manifestations

A

Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (over about 12–18 hours) and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point)
Pain will temporarily subside if the appendix ruptures, and then the pain will return and escalate
Nausea, vomiting, and bowel pattern changes (mild usually)
Indications of inflammation and infection (e.g., fever, chills)

135
Q

Peritonitis

A

Medical Emergency! May lead to sepsis!
Inflammation of the peritoneum – usually from sterile GI contents spilling into the normally sterile retroperitoneal space
Causes include direct organism invasion (e.g., appendicitis rupture, colonic rupture, peptic ulcer perforation)

136
Q

Peritonitis Manifestations

A

Usually sudden and severe
Classical manifestation = abdominal rigidity (hardening)
Abdominal tenderness and pain
Large volumes of fluid leak into the peritoneal cavity
Nausea and vomiting
Decreased peristalsis
Intestinal obstruction
Indicators of infection (e.g., fever, malaise, and leukocytosis)
Indications of sepsis and shock

137
Q

Loss of fluid in the GI Tract

A

Turnover of fluid in the bowel is large; about 9 to 10 liters
of fluid enter the gut each day:

Water Turnover in the Bowel
Water from diet
2000-3000 mls/day
Saliva
1000-2000
Gastric juice
1000-2000
Bile
500-1000
Pancreatic juice
1000-2000
Intestinal secretions
1000-2000
138
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract, usually the intestines
Includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Exacerbations and remissions
Thought to be caused by a genetically associated autoimmune state that has been activated by an infection
Fluid, electrolyte, and pH imbalances develop
Can be painful, debilitating, and life threatening
Cause malabsorption of nutrients, leading to multiple problems

139
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Insidious, slow-developing, progressive condition
Often develops in adolescence
Manifestations:
Abdominal cramping and pain (typically in the right lower quadrant)
Diarrhea
Constipation
Abdominal mass
Melena
Anorexia and weight loss
Indications of inflammation (e.g., fever, fatigue, arthralgia, and malaise)
Strictures, fissures, abscesses occur

140
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Progressive condition of the rectum and colon mucosa
Usually develops in the 2nd or 3rd decade of life
Manifestations:
Diarrhea (usually frequent [as many as 20 daily]
Watery stools with blood and mucus
Abdominal cramping
Nausea and vomiting
Weight loss
Indications of inflammation (e.g., fever, fatigue, arthralgia, and malaise)

141
Q

Stages of stomach cancer

A

Stage 0-4

142
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) manifestations

A

Stress and mood disorders often worsen symptoms
Abdominal distension, fullness, flatus, and bloating
Intermittent abdominal pain exacerbated by eating and relieved by defecation
Chronic and frequent constipation or diarrhea, usually accompanied by pain
Non-bloody stool that may contain mucus
Bowel urgency
Emotional distress
Anorexia

143
Q

Diverticular Disease

A

Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intestine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer

144
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Asymptomatic diverticular disease - chronic

Usually there are multiple diverticula present

145
Q

Diverticulitis

A

acute inflammation of the chronic condition
Diverticula have become inflamed, usually because of retained fecal matter
Often asymptomatic until the condition becomes serious

146
Q

Diverticular Disease manifestations

A

abdominal cramping followed by passing a large quantity of frank blood
Low-grade fever
Abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant)
Abdominal distension
Nausea and vomiting
Leukocytosis

147
Q

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) manifestations

A 
lower abdominal pain and tenderness, 
blood in the stool, 
diarrhea, constipation, 
intestinal obstruction, 
narrow stools, 
unexplained anemia (usually iron deficiency), and unintentional weight loss
148
Q

Gastric Cancer

A

Occurs in several forms, but adenocarcinoma (an ulcerative lesion) is the most frequent type

manifestations:
Abdominal pain
Abdominal fullness
Epigastric discomfort
Palpable abdominal mass
Dark stools
Melena
Dysphagia
Excessive belching
Anorexia
Nausea and vomiting
Hematemesis
Premature abdominal fullness after meals
149
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Vitamin b12 deficiency anemia

150
Q

Pancreatic Cancer

A

Aggressive malignancy that can quickly metastasize
Risk factors:
Family history, obesity, chronic pancreatitis, long-standing diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, and tobacco use

151
Q

Pancreatic cancer manifestations

A

progressive upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the back,
jaundice,
dark urine,
clay-colored stools, indigestion,
anorexia,
weight loss, malnutrition, and hyperglycemia

152
Q

Colorectal Cancer (CRC)

A

Most often develops from an adenomatous polyp
Very common and fatal in the US and worldwide
Incidence and mortality highest among men and African Americans

153
Q

Intestinal Obstruction

A

partial or complete blockage of the lumen of the small or large intestine causing an interruption in the normal flow of intestinal contents along the intestinal tract

block may be complete or incomplete, may be mechanical or paralytic, and may or may not compromise the vascular supply.

154
Q

Bowel Obstruction manifestations

A 
mechanical blockage or paralytic lleus
higher the obstruction, the quicker the symptoms
abdominal distension
constipation with failure to pass flatus
bowel sounds: increased to silent 
high pitched at first then silent
vomiting, hypovolemia, electrolytes
155
Q

myenteric

A

controls the motility along the length of the gut

156
Q

steatorrhea

A

fatty stools

Patho Exam 2 (3 decks)

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