Lecture 2

Question 1

Describe the maturation of a neutrophil

Answer 1

Myeloblast -> progranulocyte -> myelocyte->
(Proliferation and maturation)

Metamyelocyte -> band -> segmented
(Maturation only aka ones that get spit out of marrow first)

Question 2

What is the life of a neutrophil?

How long does it take a myeloblast to mature into a seg?

How many times does the neutrophil population replace itself in a day?

Answer 2

10 hours

1 week

2.5 times

Question 3

What does PMNs or polys refer to

Answer 3

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Neutrophils only

Question 4

What are species differences in the marrow storage pool?

Answer 4

Dogs > cats > horses > bovine

Therefore, dogs respond more readily to excess tissue demand than bovines. Dogs will present with neutrophilia while cows may present with a neutropenia

Question 5

Describe the pools for neutrophils

Answer 5

Proliferative pool -> maturation and storage pool –>

Circulating pool marginating pool –>

Tissues

*most species have 50-50 in circulating and marginating pools, cats have 30-70

Question 6

Which pool are blood samples representative of?

Answer 6

Circulating pools

Question 7

Conditions that cause altered distribution of neutrophils between pools?

Answer 7

Inflammation
Stress
Excitement
Endotoxemia

Question 8

What determines the time in circulation for neutrophils?

Answer 8

Tissue demand for neutrophils- NOT age of neutrophil like in RBCs

Shortened during inflammation

Question 9

Describe lymphocyte distribution and kinetics

Answer 9

Can vary from hours to years

Produced in bone marrow during neonatal phase, but switches to lymph nodes after neonatal

Lymphocytes can go all over the place- blood, tissues, lymph nodes, lymph vessels and go back and forth

Question 10

What happens if the thoracic duct is damaged

Answer 10

Chylous effusion- lymphocytes in chest

Question 11

In blood, what are most lymphocytes?

Answer 11

T cells

Question 12

Where do WBCs go to die?

Answer 12

Tissues

Question 13

Once in tissues, what does a lymphocyte do?

Answer 13

Blastogenesis
Travel to lymphatics
Die

Question 14

Describe monocyte kinetics

Answer 14

Stem from same cell as neutrophils
Can travel to tissues
Differentiate in tissues into cells of mononuclear phagocyte system- macrophages, dendritic cells, microglial cells, histiocytic cells

Question 15

Describe eosinophil kinetics

Answer 15

Attracted by IL-5
NAACP
Short half life in blood- longer in tissues
Geographic variation- more common in south
Number in tissues don’t always correlate with number in blood

Question 16

Describe basophil kinetics

Answer 16

Half-life in blood= 2-3 days; longer in tissues
No one knows function
Does NOT become mast cell in tissues
Increases in parallel to eosinophils

Question 17

Describe mast cell kinetics

Answer 17

Abnormal to see in blood
Long lived in tissues
Will see during mast cell tumors, allergies and hypersensitivity, fibrosis, and inflammation

Question 18

What “penias” are clinically significant

Answer 18

Neutropenia, lymphopenias, eosinopenias

Question 19

What “philias” or “cytosis” are clinically significant

Answer 19

Neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis

Question 20

When might you see a left shift in neutrophils

Answer 20

Neutrophilia, normal neutrophil concentration, neutropenia (indicates severe inflammation and consumption of neutrophils)

Question 21

What are some etiologies for left shifting

Answer 21

Inflammation- infections or noninfectious (IMHA)
Hereditary (pelger-huet)
Neoplasia

Question 22

Regenerative left shift

Answer 22

Neutrophilia with left shift AND mature neutrophils predominate

Question 23

Degenerative left shift

Answer 23

Normal neutrophil count or neutropenia

OR

Immature neutrophils predominate

*bad in small animals, not too bad in large animals because they have low storage pool

Question 24

Dysplasia

Answer 24

Abnormal maturation

Myelodysplastic syndrome

Question 25

Leukemia- neoplasia

Answer 25

Myeloproliferative

Lymphoproliferative