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Cardio Respiratory Lewis > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nose

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2
Q

What is rhinosinusitis

A

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

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3
Q

How much are made up of rhino viruses that start rhinosinusitis

A

50%

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4
Q

Corona viruses how much

A

25%

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5
Q

Transient vasoconstriction of the mucous membrane is followed by

A

Vasodilatation

Mucus production

Oedema

Secondary infection

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6
Q

How is allergic rhinitis classified

A

Into two groups

Seasonal - pollen
Perennial - dust mite faeces

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7
Q

What is the nasal cross sectional area measurement

A

30mm2

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8
Q

Turbinates has an area of

A

150cm2

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9
Q

The nose is covered in what tissue

A

Vascular tissue

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10
Q

How do we get a blocked nose

A

The mucosa tissue swells restricting air flow

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11
Q

How is CSA categorised

A

Into two areas

Cheyne stokes respiration

Periodic breathing

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12
Q

How is the tongue held forward

A

High tone of genioglossus

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of OSA

A 
Sleep interruption
Daytime drowsiness
Snoring
Morning headaches
Night sweating
Nocturia
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14
Q

If someone is obese how does this affect OSA

A

Pressure is exerted by fat in the neck and causes the airway to collapse

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15
Q

Name some factors that could contribute to OSA

A 
Enlarged tonsils
Tumours
Abnormalities of the mandible
Alcohol
Sedative drugs
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16
Q

Most common treatment of OSA

A

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure

NCPAP

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17
Q

Other treatments of OSA

A

Removal of uvula and part of the soft palate but it can cause fluid going into the nose during drinking

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18
Q

What does OSA stand for

A

Obstructive sleep apnoea

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19
Q

What is laryngospasm

A

When the vocal folds of the larynx close

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20
Q

What is bronchoscopy

A

Used to inspect below the larynx where they can pass medical equipment down to take a sample of tissue or biopsy

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21
Q

What is the Reid index

A

It’s a measurement of the ratio between the thickness of the submucosal mucus secreting glands and the thickness between the epithelium and cartilage that covers the bronchi

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22
Q

What is the normal reading of the Reid index

A

40%

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23
Q

What occurs in the gland cells in chronic bronchitis

A

Hyperplasia

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24
Q

Is pulmonary circulation high or low pressure

A

Low pressure system

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25
Q

Where do the veins trVel if they don’t travel along the airways

A

Travel along the septa that seperate lung compartments

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26
Q

The airways at the bronchiole recieved nutrients from which circulation bronchial or pulmonary

A

Bronchial

27
Q

Where does part of the bronchial circulation return to

A

Systemic venous system

28
Q

What is a broncho pulmonary shunt

A

Some of the blood is shunted by draining back into the pulmonary veins instead of flowing in the systemic venous system

29
Q

Normal pulmonary reading

A

15mmHg

30
Q

What does hypertension cause

A

Extra pulmonary - narrowing, left ventricular failure that prevents blood moving away from the heart

Intra pulmonary - changes pulmonary vessels by blocking them by fat, amniotic fluid, cancer.

31
Q

Main result of pulmonary hypertension

A

Increased pressure producing a pumping load on the right heart.

Resulting in oedema, chest pain, fatigue, modified heart sounds

32
Q

If someone had a pulmonary oedema what will the xray look like

A

Butterfly shadow

33
Q

What is pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura

34
Q

What is dry pleurisy

A

No effusion

Pain caused by the raw pleura moving across the other

35
Q

What is wet pleurisy

A

Significant effusion

If wet enough it can cause collapse of the lung

36
Q

If effusions contain too much protein what is it called.

If they contain less protein what is it

A

Lots - transudates

Little - exudates

37
Q

Rate of air transit through the nose

A
38
Q

Air temperature in the nose is raised from 20C to what

A

20C - 31C

39
Q

Temperature of the air by the time it reaches the trachea

A

35C

40
Q

How many times more heat is used to vapour use water than to heat the air

A

5x

41
Q

How much gets recovered in expiration

A

40%

42
Q

What is counter current heat exchange

A

Mucosa of the nose is much colder than the exhales air from deep in the lungs forming condensation drops

43
Q

Do smaller or larger droplets fall faster

A

Large drops fall faster

44
Q

For particles to travel deep into the lungs what size will they need to be

A

Very small

45
Q

What was stokes law

A

Terminal velocity of a falling sphere - radius 2

46
Q

What is MMAD

A

Mass mean aerodynamic diameter

47
Q

What size are 95% of particles

A

> 5um

48
Q

How do particles get trapped in the mucous of the nose and pharynx

A

Turbulence throws particles out of the airstream, particles are swept in mucous via cilia

49
Q

How are small particles removed

A

Sedimentation

50
Q

Particles get trapped in mucous and travel up what

A

Mucosillary escalator

51
Q

How thick is the mucus blanket

A

5-10um

52
Q

How fast do cilia beat

A

20Hz

53
Q

Size of the smallest particles

A
54
Q

How do particles stick to the wall if there is no mucus

A

Surface tension

55
Q

What do particles get ingested by

A

Amoeboid macrophages

56
Q

What is used in detoxification

A

Cytochrome P450

57
Q

Name some proteins that dilate some blood vessels

A 
ATP
ADP
AMP
Noradrenaline
Bradykinin
58
Q

Name a serotonin

A

5HT

59
Q

Name an inflammatory response

A

Leukotrienes

60
Q

Name some prostaglandins

A

PGE1, 2

PGF2a

61
Q

What do lungs activate and by what

A

Activate ANGI and ANGII

By ACE

62
Q

How much of ACE plasma is converted in a single pass through the lungs

A

80%

63
Q

Name 5 non respiratory functions

A
  1. Blood filtration
  2. Blood fluidity
  3. Blood capacity
  4. Cooling
  5. Behaviour

Cardio Respiratory Lewis (4 decks)

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