Lecture 2

Question 1

Names of Studies or Fields associated with Microbiology

Answer 1

1. Bacteriology
2. Virology (viruses)
3. Mycology (study of Fungi)
4. Parasitology (medical parasites)
5. Phycology (Algology) (algae)

Question 2

Waterborne diseases

Caused by bacteria

Answer 2

a. Typhoid fever – caused by Salmonella typhi (gram-, rod)
b. Cholera- caused by Vibrio cholerae (gram-, spiral)
c. Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) caused by Shigella sonnei and S. dysenteriae (gram-, rod)
all cause diarrhea

Question 3

Waterborne diseases

Caused by viruses

Answer 3

a. Infectious Hepatitis – caused by Hepatitis A virus

b. Polio – caused by the Polio virus

Question 4

Waterborne diseases

Caused by protozoa

Answer 4

a. Giardiasis – caused by Giardia lamblia

cells are alive

Question 5

Soil organisms

Answer 5

the top foot-acre of soil contains approximately 1000 lbs. of bacteria and an
equal amount of fungi, protozoa and algae.
has protective spores
Tetanus-example

Question 6

Tetanus

Answer 6

is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani. This is an anaerobic, sporeforming
Gram positive rod that produces a powerful neurotoxin
causes muscle spasms and lock jaw

Question 7

Dairy product organisms
Listeriosis
where can it grow? where is it found? gram and shape

Answer 7

Listeriosis is a bacterial disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes.
This organism is capable of growing at refrigerator temperatures and can be found in
unpasteurized dairy products. (Also found occasionally in pre-packaged meat products). This
bacterial organism is a Gram positive rod that can infect the CNS and cause meningitis.
Pasteurization can destroy this organism and prevent infection. (60 degrees C. for 30 minutes)

Question 8

Blood products (serum/plasma)/body fluids

Answer 8

Serum Hepatitis is caused by the Hepatitis B virus.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by the virus known as HIV

Question 9

Respiratory aerosols

Answer 9

Influenza is caused by the Influenza virus. The common cold can be caused by several viruses (Coronavirus, Rhinovirus, Adenovirus). Pneumonic plague is caused by
a bacterial organism known as Yersinia pestis.

Question 10

Foods and Beverages

Answer 10

Saccharomyces cerevisiae-yeast
Lactobacillus sanfrancisco-bacterium
Penicillium roquefortii and Penicillium camembertii-molds

Question 11

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 11

yeast
used as baker’s yeast and to produce alcohol in
fermentations.

Question 12

Lactobacillus sanfrancisco

Answer 12

bacterium used in sour french bread cultures

Question 13

Penicillium roquefortii and Penicillium camembertii

Answer 13

molds used to produce distinctive flavors and textures in cheese.

Question 14

Single Cell Protein

growth, efficient in what?

Answer 14

Spirulina spp. (algae) and Torula spp. (yeast) can be grown in industrial amounts to supply quantities of protein. Single cell protein could be a more efficient method of food production than beef, pork or soybeans, but it is not an ideal situation due to practical problems. Securing clean water along with geopolitical issues can interfere with this method of food distribution.

Question 15

Pharmaceuticals

4 types

Answer 15

Penicillium spp. (terrestrial mold), Cephalosporium spp. (marine mold), Streptomyces spp. (bacterium) and Bacillus spp. (bacterium) are the four parent Genera used in producing antibiotics.

Question 16

Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 16

Escherichia coli-bacterium

Pseudomonas syringae-bacterium

Question 17

Escherichia coli-bacterium

Answer 17

used as a major organism in developing techniques to move and recombine DNA resulting in genetically engineered cells. Genetically engineered cells have been used to produce t-PA (tissue plasminogen activator), insulin, HGH (human growth hormone), interferon, Factor VIII, fetal hemoglobin etc.

Question 18

Pseudomonas syringae-bacterium

Answer 18

used as a nucleating positive (+) strain to promote
water crystallization in the production of snow. A genetically engineered Pseudomonas syringae nucleating negative (-) strain will inhibit ice crystallization and can be used on agricultural crops to prevent frost damage

Question 19

Hybridomas

Answer 19

combination of two cells
Techniques partially developed from microbial recombinant DNA technology has
allowed for the creation of hybridomas. Hybridomas are combined cells that haveattributes from the individual cells. A hybridoma has been developed from a B cell
lymphocyte and a cancer cell. We now have a cell that produces monoclonal antibodies
(B cell attribute) and divides rapidly (cancer cell attribute)

Question 20

Gnotobiotic (known life) Research

Answer 20

Involves the use of experimentally infected germ free animals. A test animal that is
germ free can be reinfected with a single microorganism to see the effects of this one
organism.

Question 21

Entomopathogenic Bacterium

Answer 21

causes disease in insects
Bacillus thuringiensis-bacterium, can be used to destroy insects that damage crops.
This organism produces a toxin which kills the larval form of the cotton boll weevil.