Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are the cerebral cortex layers (going from inside –> outside)
I,II,III - intracortical
IV - end of sensory signals
V, VI - start of motor signals
What are the types of cerebral cortex neurons?
- Granular (Interneurons, Excitatory, Inhibitory)
- Fusiform (small output neurons)
- Pyramidal (large output neurons)
What is the relationship between the thalamus and the brain?
The thalamus signals to the brain and the brain sends signals back.
What are the primary cortical areas and what is their function?
Primary motor = connect with muscles
Primary sensory = detect sensation
What do the secondary motor and secondary sensory areas do?
Secondary motor = creates patterns of motor activity
Secondary Sensory = analyze the signal
What are the sub-areas of the parieto-occipitotemporal area?
- spatial coordination
- angular gyrus area
- naming objects
- Wernicke’s area
Explain what happens if there is damage to Wernicke’s area.
Wernicke’s area = language comprehension
So, if there is damage you can speak but will not be able to form coherent sentences (may even make up words). Patient’s also may be able to read words, but would not understand the meaning behind the words. (EXAMPLE: Patient could read “She’s ugly” but not understand what this means)
What are the three important areas that feed into Wernicke’s area?
Somatic
Visual
Auditory
Pre-analyzed sensory information comes to this area, planning effective movements and thought processes also occur in this area. The output passes through the basal ganglia. What is this area?
Prefrontal Area
Where is Broca’s Area located?
Prefrontal Area
If there is damage to Broca’s area what occurs? Give example.
Patients with damage to Broca’s area (or prefrontal lobotomy) lose the ability to solve complex problems, cannot do any tasks that are “stepwise”, they are unable to string together a long train of thought (usually leave out small words). (EXAMPLE: a patient with Broca’s aphasia may try to say “there are two books on the table” but it would come out: “book book two table”
Which association areas is related to behavior, emotions and motivation? It also is the area involved in facial recognition.
Limbic Area
What disorder in which you are unable to recognize faces?
Prosopagnosia
What would happen if an area gets cut and loses it’s connection with the thalamus?
The function of that area would be lost. The thalmocortical system is interconnected through nuclei
Which involves more pathways, speaking a heard word or speaking a written word?
Speaking a written word
What are the abilities which stem from the brain’s working memory?
- Prognostication - predicting future events
- planning for the future
- control activities in accord with moral law
- consider consequences of motor actions
- ability to solve math, legal, philosophical problems
What structure, if cut, causes a patient to essentially have two separate brains? What issues arise from cutting this structure?
Corpus Callosum; unable to transfer info from the right side of brain to the left side (Wernicke’s area)
Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area are located in which hemisphere of the brain?
Left Hemisephere
What are the five types of memory?
- Declarative memory
- Reflexive memory
- Short-term memory
- Intermediate long-term memory
- Long term memory
What type of memory is related to an action or skill? Example: Riding a bike.
Reflexive memory
What is declarative memory?
Memory relating to the details of an integrated thought.
Remembering a telephone number involves what type of memory?
Short-term memory
What would need to be activated to allow an intermediate long-term memory to become a long term memory?
Memory traces
Example: rewriting notes over and over
What type of memory involves structural changes?
Long-term memory
Fill in the blanks in the steps of creating a memory.
Facilitator presynaptic terminal –> ________ released —> activates _____ –> blocks __ channel = prolonged AP –> open ___ channel –> lots of neurotransmitters released
**Serotonin; cAMP; K+ ; Ca2+
**(he seemed to stress knowing this step)
