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Physiology II - MM&SS - Exam 1 > Lecture 1A & 1B > Flashcards

Lecture 1A & 1B Flashcards

0
Q

In which stage of neural tube development do most defect occur, and what are the two types of defects which occur?

A
  1. Neural Tube

2. Cranial end defects and Caudal end defects

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1
Q

Name the stages of neural tube development:

A

Neural plate –> Neural fold –> Neural tube

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2
Q

What are the caudal end defects?

A
  1. Spina bifida occulta
  2. Spina bifida cystica
  3. Meningocele
  4. Meningomyelocele
  5. Meyloschisis
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3
Q

Name the cranial end defects:

A
  1. Ancephaly
  2. Arnold-Chiari deformity
  3. Holoprosencephaly
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4
Q

What day(s) in embryological development do the cranial and caudal ends close?

A

Day 27 - Cranial

Day 30 - Caudal

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5
Q

The five parts of the pentapartite brain include:

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Mesencephalon
  4. Metencephalon
  5. Myelencephalon
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6
Q

The prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon make up the ________ brain?

A

Tripartite Brain

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7
Q

The vital reflex center is located in what part of the brain?

A

Metencephalon (Medulla)

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8
Q

What are the components which make up the vital reflex center?

A
  1. cardiac center
  2. vasomotor center
  3. centers related to respiration
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9
Q

The Medulla is made up of the _____ and ______.

A

pyramids; pons

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10
Q

The sleep center and the respiratory center are located in what part of the brain?

A

The pons of the medulla

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11
Q

The diencephalon is composed of what three parts?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Epithalamus
  3. Hypothalamus
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12
Q

The cerebral cortex and the olfactory bulbs compose what part of the brain?

A

telencephalon

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13
Q

The somatosensory axis uses which type of neurons?

A

Afferent neurons

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14
Q

Afferent neurons are arranged into series of three, what is this series of three and what are their pathways?

A
  1. Primary - receptor –> spinal cord/brain stem
  2. Secondary - spinal cord –> thalamus
  3. Tertiary - thalamus –> cerebral cortex
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15
Q

Which axis is involved in transmitting a sensory signal from peripheral receptors to higher brian center?

A

Somatosensory Axis

16
Q

What does the skeletal motor nerve axis do?

A

Transmits an AP from the higher brain centers to the skeletal muscles.

17
Q

Which neurotransmitters are inhibitory?

A

Norepinephrine (also excitatory)
Dopamine
GABA
Glycine

18
Q

Which neurotransmitters are excitatory?

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine (also inhibitory)
Glutamate

19
Q

Direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the fluid of the dendrites but without generation of AP describes what?

A

Electronic conduction

20
Q

Describe fatigue of synaptic transmission in dendrites:

A

There is less firing over time; occurs from over use

21
Q

What is described by the gradual loss of AP in dendrites?

A 
Decremental conduction
(They are long, thin and leaky)
22
Q

What part of the brain is used as the relay center for the efferent neurons and afferent neurons?

A

Thalamus (part of the Diencephalon)

23
Q

What are the factors that determine firing rate of dendrites?

A

Above threshold = continue to fire; depends on inhibitory signals

24
Q

What are the effects of alkalosis, acidosis, and hypoxia on synaptic transmission in dendrites? Give an example of each situation.

A

Alkalosis - speeds up the brain; cerebral epileptic seizures
Acidosis - slows down the brain; leads to coma
hypoxia - lack of O2 to the brain; unconcious

25
Q

A summation of excitatory signals is needed to get above the threshold, what state this describing in dendrites?

A

Excitatory state of a neuron

26
Q

Name the effects that caffeine, theophyllin, and theobromine. Give examples of each.

A

They all increase neuronal excitability, and reduce the threshold for excitation.
Caffeine = coffee
Theophyllin = tea
Theobromine = cocoa

27
Q

What inhibits neurotransmitter inhibitors (example: Glycine), to increase excitability?

A

Strychnine

28
Q

What effects do anesthetics have?

A

They increase the threshold for excitation; decrease synaptic transmission (make it harder to have an AP)

29
Q

_____ ____ is the time it takes for a neurotransmitter to go from post synaptic membrane to the presynaptic membrane of another neuron.

A

Synaptic Delay

30
Q

The two vertebral arteries and the two internal carotid arteries are united by what?

A

Circle of Willis

Physiology II - MM&SS - Exam 1 (3 decks)

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