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Immunology Exam 1 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Why do lymphocytes enter G1 phase?

A

d/t stimulation, they are activated lymphocytes called large lymphocytes of lymphoblasts

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1
Q

What lymphocytes are in the G0 phase?

A

Naive and Memory cells- resting lymphocytes. Not actively dividing or performing effector functions.

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2
Q

Survival of naive Lymphocytes depends on what?

A

Signals generated by Antigen receptors TCR or BCR or Cytokines

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3
Q

How to antigen receptors of naive BCR’s survive?

A

They generate survival signals even in the absence of antigen

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4
Q

How do naive TCR receptors survive?

A

Naive TCR recognize self antigens weakly enough to generate survival signals but without triggering clonal expansion and differentiation into effector cells.

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5
Q

What is the most important cytokine for naive T cell survival?

A

IL-7 promotes low level cycling of naive T cells

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6
Q

What cytokine belonging to the TNF family is required for B cell survival?

A

BAFF- B cell activating factor

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7
Q

The cell to cell interaction of T cells with specialized epithelial cells, DC’s and M0 cell in the thymus provide mechanisms for what?

A

Selection, and differentiation of T cells useful to the immune system.

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8
Q

What are immune system messengers?

A

Cytokines

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9
Q

What Cytokines are important in T cell development?

A

IL-1,2,6,7

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10
Q

Following migration from the Thymus, Naive T Cells-

A

are maintained in the periphery with out proliferating

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11
Q

Where are Antigen specific T cells produced

A

in the Thymus from circulating T cell precursors derived from stem cells in bone marrow

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12
Q

Each T cell has receptor specific for how many antigens?

A

One- generated by gene rearrangement from multiple inherited germline genes

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13
Q

T cells undergo selection to do what?

A

Remove those that are self reactive

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14
Q

T helper cells express what?

What is the function?

A

Cd4

To provide help for B cell growth and differentiation

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15
Q

Cytotoxic T cells express what?

What is it’s function

A

CD8

To recognize and kill virus infected cells

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16
Q

Mature T cells migrate where?

To do what?

A

To secondary lymphoid tissue

To mediate protection

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17
Q

B cell development starts where in the fetus and continues where after birth?

A

in the fetal liver at 14 weeks gestation and after birth in the bone marrow

18
Q

What cytokines are important for B cell development?

A

Contact with Stromal cell and IL-1,6,7

19
Q

Where are BCR’s encoded for recognition of antigen?

A

in bone marrow

20
Q

Do B cells recognize more than one antigen?

A

No B cells are generated each with a unique specificity for a particular antigen.
BCR’s that react with self antigens are eliminated,

21
Q

B1 and B2 develop with different properties, What is the first Antibody expressed on B cells and what is the second?

A

IgM is first expressed as the BCR and then IgD.

22
Q

Mature B cells migrate where?

A

Secondary Lymphoid tissue where they respond to foreign antigens.

23
Q

What happens when B cells are activated by an antigen?

A

They proliferate in germinal centers and mature into memory and plasma cells. Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B cells which produce and secrete large amounts of antibody

24
Q

How do B and T cells interact?

A

B cells present antigens to helper T cells which is a key step in cooperation of T helper cells with B cells for antibody responses to protein antigens

25
Q

Lymphocytes circulate everywhere except?

A

Brain, Eyes, Testicles.

26
Q

HVEC’s allow lymphocytes to enter where?

A

Skin, intestines, and lymph nodes

27
Q

HEV’s function to do what?

A

Express high levels of adhesion molecules that serve as homing receptors for lymphocytes in response to chemokines- lymphocytes migrate by diapedesis into tissue

28
Q

How do lymphocytes reenter circulation?

A

Via efferent LN’s that merge into the thoracic duct

29
Q

Where do naive lymphocytes go?

A
  1. Respond to foreign bodies in secondary lymph tissue

2. Return by lymphatic drainage and recirculate through other secondary organs

30
Q

What are the steps of lymphocyte activation?

A
  1. Fully mature naive T cells and immature B cells migrate to 2 lymph organs 2. B cells complete maturation in LN and spleen 3. Naive B and T activated by Antigens and differentiate into effector or memory lymphocytes 4. Some effector or memory lymphocytes migrate into peripheral tissue sites of infection 5. Antibodies secreted by effector B cells in LN and spleen and bone marrow enter the blood and are delivered to sites of infection
31
Q

What are APC’s

A

Cells that capture process and display microbial antigens to lymphocytes and provide signals that stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes

32
Q

What cells are considered APC’s

A

Macrophages and B cells present antigens in cell mediated and humoral
Dendritic cells- Major APC

33
Q

What type of cell relies on APC’s

A

Mostly T cells, B cells do not need APC for activation

34
Q

Follicular Dendritic Cells display what?

A

B cells during phases on humoral immunity

35
Q

what provides a link between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages because they are used in both

36
Q

What do Dendritic cells do and what lineage are they from?

A

Important for T cell activation, phagocytic capabilities

Derive from myeloid lineage

37
Q

What is dendritic cell maturation dependent on?

A

FLT3 ligand which binds to FLT3 Tyrosine Kinase receptors on the precursor cells.

38
Q

Activated DC’s secrete what?

A

Cytokine

39
Q

Macrophages and Dendritic cells express receptors that recognize Antigens typically made by what?

A

Microbes and not mammalian cells

40
Q

Classical DC’s reside where?

A

Skin, Mucosa and organ parenchyma

41
Q

How are Classical DC activated?

A

By microbes- they migrate to LN’s where they display microbial protein antigens to T lymphocytes

42
Q

What is the function of Plasmacytoid DC’s

A

Early responders to viral infections they recognize nucleic acids of intracellular viruses and produce soluble proteins Type I interferons aka IFN alpha/beta that have potent antiviral activities

43
Q

During an inflammatory response DC’s may also come from where?

A

circulating monocytes

Immunology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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