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MEDICINE > LECTURE 2 - 1ST SEM > Flashcards

LECTURE 2 - 1ST SEM Flashcards

1ST SEMESTER PHYSICS

1
Q

What are fluids?

A

Things which flow (including liquids and gas)

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2
Q

What is a solid-state?

A

Characterized by internal order and fixed atomic position. Helping it keep the shape.

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3
Q

What is a liquid state?

A

When atoms or molecules have strong very cohesive forces that hold them together

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4
Q

How do molecules behave in liquids?

A
  • Free to move relative to one another
  • Readily take shape of container
  • Flow readily, using considerable force to seperate molecules
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5
Q

Why are liquids considered incompressible?

A

As cannot occupy smaller volume without the exertion of enormous pressures

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6
Q

What is the formula for pressure?

A

P = F/A

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7
Q

How is pressure created in gas?

A

No attractive forces between molecules and only forces is exerted via collisions.

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8
Q

How can the penetrating ability of an object be determined?

A

Depends largely upon the pressure rather than just the force

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9
Q

Why do hypodermic needles have large penetrating pressure?

A
  • They have an extremely small tip area where small force can result in large penetrating pressure
  • Sharper needles require less force to produce high penetrating pressure.
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10
Q

What is the formula for pressure in liquids? What does the formula indicate?

A

P=p (fluid density) x g (acceleration due to gravity) x h (fluid depth)

Pressure caused by liquid is proportional to the depth of liquid and density.

Absolute pressure is the sum of atmospheric pressure and liquid pressure.

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11
Q

What factors determine the pressure in a container in a liquid?

A

Depth of liquid and not shape

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12
Q

What is the theory behind pressure distributed in static liquid?

A
  • Pressure is exerted equally in all directions in static liquid
  • At any given depth, it is found that equilibrium that forces are exerted upon it in all directions
  • Forces must be exerted in pairs such that the net force is zero
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13
Q

How does pressure behave in a given vessel?

A
  • Pressure increases with depth.
  • Horizontal pressure on the walls also increase.
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14
Q

How does pressure work in I.V Apparatus?

A
  • Pressure is determined by height of the liquid surface above the point of input in patient
  • Pressure is transmitted through the tubing, even if coils are present
  • Pressure at the patient under static (no flow) conditions would be the same regardless of the configuration of the tubing
    (refer to the diagram)
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15
Q

What is pascals principle in the transmission of pressure?

A

Any changes of pressure in an enclosed fluid are transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid

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16
Q

How can Pascal’s principle be applied clinically?

A
  • Prevention of pressure sores
  • Through cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal cord
  • Protection of unborn fetus through the protection of external forces
  • Through enclosed fluid in the eye
  • To explain the effects of collected fluid in the pericardial and pleural cavities
17
Q

How can pascals principle help in the prevention of pressure sores?

A
  • Through the use of air or water matters helps prevent the formation of decubitus ulcers
  • Through using air/water mattresses allows for a closed fluid system, allowing pressure to be evenly distributed.
  • When the patient lies on the mattress, the same pressure is exerted against every part of the body which is in contact with the mattress.
18
Q

How does pressure (pascals laws) cause pressure sores?

A

Decubitus ulcers (bed sores) can be caused by ordinary pressure sores due to large pressure being exerted on parts at risk

19
Q

What is buoyancy?

A
  • Is the lifting force requ
20
Q

What is Archimedes’ principle?

A
  • Is when a buoyant force arises from a difference in liquid pressure above and below the object.
  • The buoyant force on the submerged object becomes equal to the weight of the liquid that is displaced.
21
Q

What is buoyancy?

How does buoyancy affect the weight of an object?

A

the ability or tendency of something to float in water or other fluid.

  • Buoyancy causes an object to weigh less than it does in the air
22
Q

What does a hydrometer measure?

A
  • Measures the specific gravity of a liquid, by floating a glass tube in a liquid.
  • If gravity of liquid is increased, it causes the hydrometer to float higher.
23
Q

What can a hydrometer be used to measure clinically?

A

It can be a urinometer - to measure the gravity of urine, an important physiological indicator as some diseases alter the composition of urine that change the gravity

24
Q

Why do objects weigh less in water than in air?

A
  • When weighed in water, buoyant forces equal to the weight of water that is displaced.
  • Causing the difference in weight between air and water
25
Q

What is laminar flow?

A
  • This is when the average flow speed is about half the maximum speed found at the center.
  • It represents the minimum energy loss
26
Q

What causes turbulent flow?

A
  • Is when the flow is speeded up past a certain critical speed or there is an obstruction in the flow path
  • Causing eddies to form and laminar flow to break down
27
Q

How does pressure behave in non- or flowing fluids?

A

Pressure hit at all points in horizontal tubes when there is no flow

Uniform pressure drops when there is smooth flow

28
Q

What is the formula for volume flow rate?

A

Volume flow rate = Volume/Time

29
Q

What is the formula to represent the relationship of the smooth flow of an ideal fluid?

A

F = P1 - P2
——————-
R

R = Effective resistance to flow
F = Volume flow rate
P1 & P2 = Pressures at the upstream and downstream ends of the tube

30
Q

How does fluid flow through a tube?

A
  • Fluid flows in a smooth layer.
  • The layer nearest the wall will be at rest.
  • Speed gradually increases to a maximum on the central axis of the vessel
31
Q

Why is important to maintain laminar flow clinically?

A
  • It allows for efficient fluid circulation - in things like intravenous fluid apparatus or circulatory system of the body
32
Q

How can turbulent flow be prevented clinically?

A
  • By making smooth transitions to different tube sizing.
33
Q

What is the formula for Poiseuile law?

A

Q = πr^4P
——————
8ηL

Q = flow rate
η = Fluid viscosity
L = Pipe Length
P = Pressure difference between the ends

34
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

The laminar flow rate of an incompressible fluid along a pipe is proportional to the fourth power of the pipe’s raduis.

35
Q

What is the relationship between blood viscosity and fluid pressure?

A
  • Viscosity of blood is found to decrease with increasing fluid pressure
  • Implies that the flow rate would be more than doubled by doubling the pressure gradient.

MEDICINE (4 decks)

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