lecture 2 Flashcards
voltage-gated
voltage determines if closed or open
ligand-gated channel
binded molecule has to stimulate to open
signal-gated channel
opens in response to a specific intracellular molecule
oxidation
picks up electrons
reduction
release electrons
Active transport
molecules move from low to high concentration, need ATP
Passive transport
molecules move from high to low concentration, no need of energy/ATP
The sodium-potassium pump
a protein in cell membranes that moves sodium (Na⁺) out of the cell and potassium (K⁺) into the cell.
sodium
Na+
potassium
K+
Ca²⁺ ATPase pump
a protein in cell membranes that moves calcium ions (Ca²⁺) out of the cell
cytosol
gel-like substance inside a cell, excluding the organelles
K+ in tabel
5, 100, 1:20, -80mV
Na+ in tabel
150, 15, 10:1, 62 mV
Ca2+ in tabel
2, 0.0002, 10.000:1, 123 mV
Cl- in tabel
150, 13, 11.5:1, -65 mV
membrane potential
the difference in electric charge across a cell’s membrane
Eion
ionic equilibrium potential
ion gradients
the difference in the concentration of ions across a cell membrane
sodium-glucose cotransporter
a type of membrane protein that uses the sodium gradient to transport glucose into the cell
antiport
a type of transport mechanism where two different ions or molecules are moved in opposite directions across a cell membrane (sodium-calcium exchanger)
concentration gradient
the difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas
electrochemical gradient
the combined effect of two forces on the movement of ions across a membrane
