lecture 1

Question 1

function neuron

Answer 1

send electricial signals

Question 2

organelles in soma are responsible for

Answer 2

cellular mechanisms:
-protein synthesis
-packaging of molecules
-cellular respiration

Question 3

axon hillock

Answer 3

The initiation zone where action potentials begin.

Question 4

action potential

Answer 4

a rapid electrical signal that travels along a neuron, allowing it to communicate with other neurons

Question 5

myelin

Answer 5

a fatty substance that speeds up electrical signals

Question 6

presynaptic terminal

Answer 6

the end part of a neuron’s axon where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with another neuron

Question 7

postsynaptic cell

Answer 7

the neuron that receives signals from a presynaptic neuron at a synapse

Question 8

synapse

Answer 8

junction between two neurons

Question 9

microtubules

Answer 9

hollow, tube-like structures made of tubulin proteins that provide structural support, transport materials, and help in cell division.

Question 10

synaptic vesicles

Answer 10

small, membrane-bound sacs in the presynaptic terminal of neurons that store and release neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission.

Question 11

neurotransmitter

Answer 11

a chemical messenger that transmits signals between neurons

Question 12

unipolar

Answer 12

have only one branch

Question 13

bipolar

Answer 13

one axonal branch and one dendritic branch

Question 14

pseudounipolar

Answer 14

ome branch goes to the PNS and the other to the CNS to send the signal to the brain

Question 15

multipolar

Answer 15

have many processes branching from the cell body

Question 16

motor neuron

Answer 16

a type of multipolar neuron that transmits signals from the CNSp to muscles or glands, causing movement or secretion

Question 17

pyramidal neuron

Answer 17

a type of multipolar neuron that plays a crucial role in cognitive functions, movement, and memory.

Question 18

purkinje cell

Answer 18

a type of multipolar neuron that plays a crucial role in motor coordination, balance, and learning

Question 19

excitatory neuron

Answer 19

neuron that increases the likelihood of firing an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 20

inhibitory neuron

Answer 20

neuron that reduces the likelihood of firing an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 21

neurons based on structural classification

Answer 21

-unipolar neurons
-bipolar neurons
-multipolar neurons
-pseudounipolar neurons

Question 22

neurons based on functional classification

Answer 22

-sensory (afferent) neurons
-motor (efferent) neurons
-interneurons (association neurons)

Question 23

neurons based on neurotransmitter-based classification

Answer 23

-excitatory neurons
-inhibitory neurons
-modulatory neurons

Question 24

modulatory neurons

Answer 24

neuron that influences the activity of other neurons by releasing neuromodulators

Question 25

glial cells

Answer 25

non-neuronal cells that provide support, protection, and insulation for neurons in the CNS and PNS

Question 26

types of glial cells

Answer 26

-Oligodendrocytes -astrocytes -microglial cells -ependymal cells -schwann cells

Question 27

astrocytes

Answer 27

type of glial cell that regulates blood flow, maintain the brain’s chemical balance, and protect your brains health

Question 28

blood-brain barrier (BBB)

Answer 28

a selective, protective barrier that separates the bloodstream from the brain's extracellular fluid

Question 29

Astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS)

Answer 29

provides metabolic support to neurons: Astrocytes make lactate --> send this to neurons --> they use this for energy when very active

Question 30

microglia

Answer 30

type of glial cells that are the brain’s tiny janitors, cleaning up dead cells and deciding which neurons deserve to exist

Question 31

neuron

Answer 31

The fast-talking, electric messengers of the brain.

Question 32

oligodendrocytes

Answer 32

type of glial cells in the CNS that provides myelin. It forms multiple sheats around different axons

Question 33

neurotoxicity

Answer 33

when harmful substances damage the brain or nerves, causing problems like memory issues, weakness, or pain.

Question 34

neuroprotection

Answer 34

protecting the brain and nerves from damage or injury

Question 35

Schwann cells

Answer 35

type of glial cells in the PNS that provides myelin. They form a single myelin sheath around an axon.

Question 36

pericytes

Answer 36

cells that wrap around blood vessels, helping control blood flow and support the BBB to protect the brain. They are located on capillaries

Question 37

endothelial cell

Answer 37

thin cells that line the inside of blood vessels