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Language and Communication > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are phonetics?

A

concerned with describing and classifying the speech sounds that occur in all of the world’s languages

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2
Q

define articulatory

A

how speech sounds are produced

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3
Q

define auditory

A

how speech sounds are perceived

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4
Q

define acoustic

A

the physical properties of sounds

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5
Q

what is phonology?

A

concerned with the way speech sounds form systems in a given language

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6
Q

define phones (in phonology)

A

the inventory of phonetic segments that occur in your language; the instantiations (physical characteristics) of a phoneme

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7
Q

define phonemes

A

the sounds in your language that can distinguish between words

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8
Q

what are allophones?

A

different realisation of same phoneme

when 2 sounds are allophones in your native language, it is difficult to distinguish in a different language

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9
Q

describe IPA (the international phonetic alphabet)

A

not exhaustive: each time a sound is produced, infinitesimal differences in articulation mean that no two sounds are ever exactly the same

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10
Q

describe the phonetic feature ‘voicing’

A

e.g
[p] vocal cords apart
[b] vocal cords together

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11
Q

describe the phonetic feature ‘place of articulation’

A

e.g
labial [p] [b] [m]

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12
Q

describe the phonetic feature ‘manner of articulation’

A

e.g
stop [p] [b]
fricative [f] [s]

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13
Q

what are the three stages of spoken word production?

A

conceptualisation
formulation
articulation

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14
Q

describe conceptualisation

A

what to express
message planning
pre-linguistic
language neutral (cf. Pinker’s mentalese)

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15
Q

describe formulation

A

how to express it
word selection (lemmas)
sound processing (lexemes)

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16
Q

describe articulation

A

expressing it
pronunciation

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17
Q

what is the WEAVER++ model for speech?

A

adds a component of self-monitoring
internal monitoring (of what you’re going to say)
external monitoring (during speech)
word-form Encoding by Activation and VERification

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18
Q

what evidence supports WEAVER++ ?

A

speech errors
tip of the tongue (ToT)
picture naming
picture-word interference

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19
Q

explain speech errors

A

about 15 speech sounds per second (2-3 words per second)

automatic, “impossible to think in the middle of a word shall I say ‘t’ or ‘d’” (Levelt)

less attention to speech production than comprehension

errors do not occur at random

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20
Q

what are the 8 speech error types?

A

can appear at all levels (phoneme, morpheme, word)

shift, exchange, anticipation, perseveration, addition, deletion, substitution, blend

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21
Q

what is a shift speech error?

A

…in case she decide to hits it

target (decides to hit it)

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22
Q

what is an exchange speech error?

A

fancy getting your model renosed

target (nose remodelled)

23
Q

what is an anticipation speech error?

A

bake my bike

target (take)

24
Q

what is a perseveration speech error?

A

he pulled a pantrum

target (tantrum)

25
what are addition speech errors?
i didn't explain this clarefully enough target (carefully)
26
what is a deletion speech error?
i''ll just get up and mutter intelligibly target (unintelligibly)
27
what is a substitution speech error?
at low speed it's too light target (heavy)
28
what is a blend speech error?
John is quite cable target (calm/stable)
29
what are common properties of speech errors?
exchange of phonemes in similar positions you have hissed all my mystery lessons* (missed-history) a burst of beaden (beast of burden) nife lite (night life) - not fight line
30
what is interpretation?
two different processes: 1. retrieving the words 2. constructing a syntactic frame in which the words are slotted plural ending (+ other grammatical elements, e.g. past tense) part of the frame
31
what are the two types of errors?
word errors; not restricted by distance & always on the same type (e.g., N for N). Happen early sound errors; close together & can cross word type. Happen later
32
what is Garrett's model of speech production?
Step 2 - Formulation functional level; lexical selection. [horse] = actor, [kick] = actin [man] = object location of word errors positional level; grammatical encoding. put words in the correct word order sound level; sound form encoding. location of sound errors
33
what is lemma?
meaning of a word e.g. "feline animal - noun"
34
what is a lexeme?
word form e.g. "/c a t/"
35
what are the 2 different word substitution errors?
semantic: glass -> cup phonological: historical -> hysterical -> semantic and phonological processes are separate
36
describe the tip of tongue phenomenon
often comes with partial info - initial sound/some sounds - number of syllables correct stress pattern often (phonologically) related words get activated e.g., oxygen, moron,... -> interlopers for oxymoron evidence for 2-stage model of lexicalisation (meaning vs sound) completed first stage, can't complete second stage -> retrieval of meaning independent of its sounds
37
what is the blocking hypothesis?
interlopers prevent activation of the right word
38
what is the transmission-deficit hypothesis?
due to weak links between the meaning and the word form, only limited activation of the target word form
39
what is some evidence that favours the transmission-deficit account?
if blocking is correct, then words with more phonological neighbours (similar-sounding words) should result in more ToTs but that is not true bilingual speakers more ToTs, idea: slightly weaker links between meaning and sound compared to monolingual speakers
40
how is picture naming evidence for 2 stages in lexicalisation?
part 1: generation man's best friend is his ____ part 2: picture naming (pic of a dog) part 3: results long term facilitation for naming lasting over many trials homophone priming does not persist no facilitation across languages
41
what is picture-word interference?
name picture as quickly as possible ignore distractor words distractor onset can be manipulated (SOA - stimulus onset asynchrony) -> if semantically related ("dog"): slower than control ("hip") -> if phonologically related("cap"): faster than control word
42
what is anomic aphasia?
mild(der) form of aphasia - fluent speech but difficulties findings words (mainly nouns and verbs) - vague words ("thing") and circumlocutions - "you can pick up things with it" for tongs - somewhat similar to ToT - no clear, well-defined area of damage
43
what is lexical-semantic anomia?
meaning of words is lost (sometimes category-specific, e.g., mainly inanimate objects) -> lemma level
44
what is phonological anomia?
knows the meaning of the words but selects the wrong phonology -> lexeme level
45
how can lexicalisation be discrete?
first a single item is selected based on semantic information, then its phonological form is retrieved
46
how can lexicalisation be interactive (cascading)?
activation flows to the form lexicon before a single lemma has been selected. Multiple word forms are activated
47
how can lexicalisation be interactive (feedback)?
activation cascades down and then feeds back to level above resulting in lemma activation of related word forms
48
what is cascaded processing?
mediated priming name pictures, LDT between presentation and naming (heard a word through headphones - goat/goal/sheet)
49
what is feedback activation?
errors are not random (as discrete models might predict)
50
what is lexical bias?
sound-level speech errors result in words more often than by chance
51
what are similarity effects?
mixed substitutions errors (both semantically and phonologically related to target) more often than chance
52
what are fixations in speech & reading?
information taken in (encoded) in first 50-60ms of fixating duration depends on large number of perceptual and cognitive factors
53
what is subvocalisation?
inner speech
54
how does being a stutter effect their subvocalisations?
longer fixations during silent reading on words they tend to stutter on

Language and Communication (5 decks)

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