Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are phonetics?
concerned with describing and classifying the speech sounds that occur in all of the world’s languages
define articulatory
how speech sounds are produced
define auditory
how speech sounds are perceived
define acoustic
the physical properties of sounds
what is phonology?
concerned with the way speech sounds form systems in a given language
define phones (in phonology)
the inventory of phonetic segments that occur in your language; the instantiations (physical characteristics) of a phoneme
define phonemes
the sounds in your language that can distinguish between words
what are allophones?
different realisation of same phoneme
when 2 sounds are allophones in your native language, it is difficult to distinguish in a different language
describe IPA (the international phonetic alphabet)
not exhaustive: each time a sound is produced, infinitesimal differences in articulation mean that no two sounds are ever exactly the same
describe the phonetic feature ‘voicing’
e.g
[p] vocal cords apart
[b] vocal cords together
describe the phonetic feature ‘place of articulation’
e.g
labial [p] [b] [m]
describe the phonetic feature ‘manner of articulation’
e.g
stop [p] [b]
fricative [f] [s]
what are the three stages of spoken word production?
conceptualisation
formulation
articulation
describe conceptualisation
what to express
message planning
pre-linguistic
language neutral (cf. Pinker’s mentalese)
describe formulation
how to express it
word selection (lemmas)
sound processing (lexemes)
describe articulation
expressing it
pronunciation
what is the WEAVER++ model for speech?
adds a component of self-monitoring
internal monitoring (of what you’re going to say)
external monitoring (during speech)
word-form Encoding by Activation and VERification
what evidence supports WEAVER++ ?
speech errors
tip of the tongue (ToT)
picture naming
picture-word interference
explain speech errors
about 15 speech sounds per second (2-3 words per second)
automatic, “impossible to think in the middle of a word shall I say ‘t’ or ‘d’” (Levelt)
less attention to speech production than comprehension
errors do not occur at random
what are the 8 speech error types?
can appear at all levels (phoneme, morpheme, word)
shift, exchange, anticipation, perseveration, addition, deletion, substitution, blend
what is a shift speech error?
…in case she decide to hits it
target (decides to hit it)
what is an exchange speech error?
fancy getting your model renosed
target (nose remodelled)
what is an anticipation speech error?
bake my bike
target (take)
what is a perseveration speech error?
he pulled a pantrum
target (tantrum)
what are addition speech errors?
i didn’t explain this clarefully enough
target (carefully)
what is a deletion speech error?
i’‘ll just get up and mutter intelligibly
target (unintelligibly)
what is a substitution speech error?
at low speed it’s too light
target (heavy)
what is a blend speech error?
John is quite cable
target (calm/stable)
what are common properties of speech errors?
exchange of phonemes in similar positions
you have hissed all my mystery lessons* (missed-history)
a burst of beaden (beast of burden)
nife lite (night life) - not fight line
what is interpretation?
two different processes:
1. retrieving the words
2. constructing a syntactic frame in which the words are slotted
plural ending (+ other grammatical elements, e.g. past tense) part of the frame
what are the two types of errors?
word errors; not restricted by distance & always on the same type (e.g., N for N). Happen early
sound errors; close together & can cross word type. Happen later
what is Garrett’s model of speech production?
Step 2 - Formulation
functional level; lexical selection. [horse] = actor, [kick] = actin [man] = object
location of word errors
positional level; grammatical encoding. put words in the correct word order
sound level; sound form encoding. location of sound errors
what is lemma?
meaning of a word
e.g. “feline animal - noun”
what is a lexeme?
word form
e.g. “/c a t/”
what are the 2 different word substitution errors?
semantic: glass -> cup
phonological: historical -> hysterical
-> semantic and phonological processes are separate
describe the tip of tongue phenomenon
often comes with partial info
- initial sound/some sounds
- number of syllables
correct stress pattern
often (phonologically) related words get activated
e.g., oxygen, moron,… -> interlopers for oxymoron
evidence for 2-stage model of lexicalisation (meaning vs sound)
completed first stage, can’t complete second stage -> retrieval of meaning independent of its sounds
what is the blocking hypothesis?
interlopers prevent activation of the right word
what is the transmission-deficit hypothesis?
due to weak links between the meaning and the word form, only limited activation of the target word form
what is some evidence that favours the transmission-deficit account?
if blocking is correct, then words with more phonological neighbours (similar-sounding words) should result in more ToTs but that is not true
bilingual speakers more ToTs, idea: slightly weaker links between meaning and sound compared to monolingual speakers
how is picture naming evidence for 2 stages in lexicalisation?
part 1: generation
man’s best friend is his ____
part 2: picture naming
(pic of a dog)
part 3: results
long term facilitation for naming lasting over many trials
homophone priming does not persist
no facilitation across languages
what is picture-word interference?
name picture as quickly as possible
ignore distractor words
distractor onset can be manipulated
(SOA - stimulus onset asynchrony)
-> if semantically related (“dog”): slower than control (“hip”)
-> if phonologically related(“cap”): faster than control word
what is anomic aphasia?
mild(der) form of aphasia
- fluent speech but difficulties findings words (mainly nouns and verbs)
- vague words (“thing”) and circumlocutions
- “you can pick up things with it” for tongs
- somewhat similar to ToT
- no clear, well-defined area of damage
what is lexical-semantic anomia?
meaning of words is lost (sometimes category-specific, e.g., mainly inanimate objects) -> lemma level
what is phonological anomia?
knows the meaning of the words but selects the wrong phonology -> lexeme level
how can lexicalisation be discrete?
first a single item is selected based on semantic information, then its phonological form is retrieved
how can lexicalisation be interactive (cascading)?
activation flows to the form lexicon before a single lemma has been selected. Multiple word forms are activated
how can lexicalisation be interactive (feedback)?
activation cascades down and then feeds back to level above resulting in lemma activation of related word forms
what is cascaded processing?
mediated priming
name pictures, LDT between presentation and naming (heard a word through headphones - goat/goal/sheet)
what is feedback activation?
errors are not random (as discrete models might predict)
what is lexical bias?
sound-level speech errors result in words more often than by chance
what are similarity effects?
mixed substitutions errors (both semantically and phonologically related to target) more often than chance
what are fixations in speech & reading?
information taken in (encoded) in first 50-60ms of fixating
duration depends on large number of perceptual and cognitive factors
what is subvocalisation?
inner speech
how does being a stutter effect their subvocalisations?
longer fixations during silent reading on words they tend to stutter on
