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Language and Communication > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are phonetics?

A

concerned with describing and classifying the speech sounds that occur in all of the world’s languages

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2
Q

define articulatory

A

how speech sounds are produced

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3
Q

define auditory

A

how speech sounds are perceived

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4
Q

define acoustic

A

the physical properties of sounds

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5
Q

what is phonology?

A

concerned with the way speech sounds form systems in a given language

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6
Q

define phones (in phonology)

A

the inventory of phonetic segments that occur in your language; the instantiations (physical characteristics) of a phoneme

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7
Q

define phonemes

A

the sounds in your language that can distinguish between words

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8
Q

what are allophones?

A

different realisation of same phoneme

when 2 sounds are allophones in your native language, it is difficult to distinguish in a different language

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9
Q

describe IPA (the international phonetic alphabet)

A

not exhaustive: each time a sound is produced, infinitesimal differences in articulation mean that no two sounds are ever exactly the same

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10
Q

describe the phonetic feature ‘voicing’

A

e.g
[p] vocal cords apart
[b] vocal cords together

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11
Q

describe the phonetic feature ‘place of articulation’

A

e.g
labial [p] [b] [m]

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12
Q

describe the phonetic feature ‘manner of articulation’

A

e.g
stop [p] [b]
fricative [f] [s]

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13
Q

what are the three stages of spoken word production?

A

conceptualisation
formulation
articulation

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14
Q

describe conceptualisation

A

what to express
message planning
pre-linguistic
language neutral (cf. Pinker’s mentalese)

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15
Q

describe formulation

A

how to express it
word selection (lemmas)
sound processing (lexemes)

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16
Q

describe articulation

A

expressing it
pronunciation

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17
Q

what is the WEAVER++ model for speech?

A

adds a component of self-monitoring
internal monitoring (of what you’re going to say)
external monitoring (during speech)
word-form Encoding by Activation and VERification

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18
Q

what evidence supports WEAVER++ ?

A

speech errors
tip of the tongue (ToT)
picture naming
picture-word interference

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19
Q

explain speech errors

A

about 15 speech sounds per second (2-3 words per second)

automatic, “impossible to think in the middle of a word shall I say ‘t’ or ‘d’” (Levelt)

less attention to speech production than comprehension

errors do not occur at random

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20
Q

what are the 8 speech error types?

A

can appear at all levels (phoneme, morpheme, word)

shift, exchange, anticipation, perseveration, addition, deletion, substitution, blend

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21
Q

what is a shift speech error?

A

…in case she decide to hits it

target (decides to hit it)

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22
Q

what is an exchange speech error?

A

fancy getting your model renosed

target (nose remodelled)

23
Q

what is an anticipation speech error?

A

bake my bike

target (take)

24
Q

what is a perseveration speech error?

A

he pulled a pantrum

target (tantrum)

25
Q

what are addition speech errors?

A

i didn’t explain this clarefully enough

target (carefully)

26
Q

what is a deletion speech error?

A

i’‘ll just get up and mutter intelligibly

target (unintelligibly)

27
Q

what is a substitution speech error?

A

at low speed it’s too light

target (heavy)

28
Q

what is a blend speech error?

A

John is quite cable

target (calm/stable)

29
Q

what are common properties of speech errors?

A

exchange of phonemes in similar positions

you have hissed all my mystery lessons* (missed-history)
a burst of beaden (beast of burden)
nife lite (night life) - not fight line

30
Q

what is interpretation?

A

two different processes:
1. retrieving the words
2. constructing a syntactic frame in which the words are slotted
plural ending (+ other grammatical elements, e.g. past tense) part of the frame

31
Q

what are the two types of errors?

A

word errors; not restricted by distance & always on the same type (e.g., N for N). Happen early
sound errors; close together & can cross word type. Happen later

32
Q

what is Garrett’s model of speech production?

A

Step 2 - Formulation

functional level; lexical selection. [horse] = actor, [kick] = actin [man] = object
location of word errors

positional level; grammatical encoding. put words in the correct word order

sound level; sound form encoding. location of sound errors

33
Q

what is lemma?

A

meaning of a word
e.g. “feline animal - noun”

34
Q

what is a lexeme?

A

word form
e.g. “/c a t/”

35
Q

what are the 2 different word substitution errors?

A

semantic: glass -> cup

phonological: historical -> hysterical

-> semantic and phonological processes are separate

36
Q

describe the tip of tongue phenomenon

A

often comes with partial info
- initial sound/some sounds
- number of syllables
correct stress pattern

often (phonologically) related words get activated
e.g., oxygen, moron,… -> interlopers for oxymoron

evidence for 2-stage model of lexicalisation (meaning vs sound)
completed first stage, can’t complete second stage -> retrieval of meaning independent of its sounds

37
Q

what is the blocking hypothesis?

A

interlopers prevent activation of the right word

38
Q

what is the transmission-deficit hypothesis?

A

due to weak links between the meaning and the word form, only limited activation of the target word form

39
Q

what is some evidence that favours the transmission-deficit account?

A

if blocking is correct, then words with more phonological neighbours (similar-sounding words) should result in more ToTs but that is not true

bilingual speakers more ToTs, idea: slightly weaker links between meaning and sound compared to monolingual speakers

40
Q

how is picture naming evidence for 2 stages in lexicalisation?

A

part 1: generation
man’s best friend is his ____

part 2: picture naming
(pic of a dog)

part 3: results

long term facilitation for naming lasting over many trials

homophone priming does not persist

no facilitation across languages

41
Q

what is picture-word interference?

A

name picture as quickly as possible
ignore distractor words
distractor onset can be manipulated
(SOA - stimulus onset asynchrony)

-> if semantically related (“dog”): slower than control (“hip”)
-> if phonologically related(“cap”): faster than control word

42
Q

what is anomic aphasia?

A

mild(der) form of aphasia
- fluent speech but difficulties findings words (mainly nouns and verbs)
- vague words (“thing”) and circumlocutions
- “you can pick up things with it” for tongs
- somewhat similar to ToT
- no clear, well-defined area of damage

43
Q

what is lexical-semantic anomia?

A

meaning of words is lost (sometimes category-specific, e.g., mainly inanimate objects) -> lemma level

44
Q

what is phonological anomia?

A

knows the meaning of the words but selects the wrong phonology -> lexeme level

45
Q

how can lexicalisation be discrete?

A

first a single item is selected based on semantic information, then its phonological form is retrieved

46
Q

how can lexicalisation be interactive (cascading)?

A

activation flows to the form lexicon before a single lemma has been selected. Multiple word forms are activated

47
Q

how can lexicalisation be interactive (feedback)?

A

activation cascades down and then feeds back to level above resulting in lemma activation of related word forms

48
Q

what is cascaded processing?

A

mediated priming

name pictures, LDT between presentation and naming (heard a word through headphones - goat/goal/sheet)

49
Q

what is feedback activation?

A

errors are not random (as discrete models might predict)

50
Q

what is lexical bias?

A

sound-level speech errors result in words more often than by chance

51
Q

what are similarity effects?

A

mixed substitutions errors (both semantically and phonologically related to target) more often than chance

52
Q

what are fixations in speech & reading?

A

information taken in (encoded) in first 50-60ms of fixating
duration depends on large number of perceptual and cognitive factors

53
Q

what is subvocalisation?

A

inner speech

54
Q

how does being a stutter effect their subvocalisations?

A

longer fixations during silent reading on words they tend to stutter on

Language and Communication (5 decks)

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