Lecture 2

Question 1

primary inter-subjectivity

Answer 1

first months
- attention to faces, eye contact, vocalizations, imitate sounds and gestures, one-at-a-time interactions, dyadic
-not intentional interactions

Question 2

secondary inter-subjectivity

Answer 2

older infants (9mo): more sophisticated, pointing, turn-taking, shared attention
- triadic experiences
- become intentional, start to assume others have their own perspective

Question 3

dyadic

Answer 3

between two
e.g. baby and caregiver or baby and object

Question 4

dyadic mimicry

Answer 4

• newborns mimic facial expressions but no understanding of intentions, only shows motivation to engage with people

Question 5

preferences for faces

Answer 5

• from birth infants prefer to look at things that are ‘face like’

Question 6

infant attention to eyes

Answer 6

• prefer direct gaze/attention from a face
• dyadic situation that brings them in to interaction state

Question 7

Senju & Csibra

Answer 7

• infants 6mo only follow gaze to object if proceeded by mutual gaze/IDS
• communicative signal encourages baby to attend to the same object

Question 8

evidence of secondary inter subjectivity

Answer 8

• coordinate emotional response with another person
• social referencing and the visual cliff

Question 9

coordinate emotional response with another person - Adamson & Frick 2003

Answer 9

e.g. still face experience, babies start to attempt to repair interaction

Question 10

social referencing and the visual cliff - sorce et al 1985

Answer 10

e.g. infants look to parent for emotional cue of how to respond (to ‘object’): shared attention to situation, transfer of information
…. joint attention

Question 11

beginnings of intentional communication by infants is signaled by

Answer 11

• use of eye contact
• pointing
• vocalization
• evidence of child awaiting response
• persistence if not understood

Question 12

turn-taking

Answer 12

• infants alternate vocalizations with caregivers
• by 12 months few overlaps
• but not until 3 can they control turn-taking in language

Question 13

proto-conversations

Answer 13

similarities between turn-taking in early vocalizations and later conversation
- no actual words involved
e.g. between young toddlers

Question 14

topic comment

Answer 14

• joint attention in a triadic interaction supplies information relevant to topic to infant …. to learn
• joint attention predicts later language skills

Question 15

routines

Answer 15

• early language learnt in routines through joint attention of a repetitive routine and words used

Question 16

child’s line of regard

Answer 16

• where the baby is focused, caregiver focuses in, and the more sensitive caregivers are to this the more information they can provide on a topic the baby is interested in
• babies more likely to learn referent for object they attend to rather than when their attention is direct

Question 17

gaze following

Answer 17

• not until 18 moths do they take it as an indication for something interesting you are gazing at, some evidence for around 12 months

Question 18

why do twins show language delay

Answer 18

• line of attention to each baby from mother is split, therefore less joint attention

Question 19

understanding communicative intentions

Answer 19

~14 months
- infants follow both point and gaze to retrieve object of interest, only if communicative

Question 20

how do infants direct attention

Answer 20

• imperative pointing
• declarative pointing

Question 21

imperative pointing

Answer 21

to get adult to do something
- infants learn that if they point they get what she wants

Question 22

declarative pointing

Answer 22

to direct adults’ attention to something
- infant learns that she gets more attention by pointing at things

Question 23

summary points

Answer 23

key points