lecture 2 Flashcards
It flourished in the Nile Valley, known for its advanced medical knowledge, complex religious beliefs, and impressive architectural achievements.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Ancient Egyptian civilization is known for its:
Advanced Medical Knowledge
Complex Religious Beliefs
Impressive Architectural Achievements
It is recognized for its contributions to philosophy, science, and medicine, including the development of the Hippocratic Oath and the foundation of Western medicine.
Ancient Greece
Contributions of Ancient Greece
Philosophy
Science
Medicine
Hippocratic Oath
Foundation of Western Medicine
Known for its vastness and influence, has inherited and expanded upon Greek medical knowledge, building elaborate hospitals and developing public health systems.
Roman Empire (Ancient Rome)
Ancient Rome contributions:
Expanded Greek Medical Knowledge
Building Elaborate Hospitals
Developing Public Health Systems
They developed a sophisticated system of medicine known as Ayurveda, which emphasized holistic healing and the use of natural remedies.
Ancient India
A sophisticated system of medicine which emphasized holistic healing and the use of natural remedies.
Ayurveda
Early Medicinal Practices
Observation and Experimentation
Rituals and Superstitions
Developing Herbal Remedies
Early medicinal practices were often based on observation and experimentation, using natural remedies from plants and minerals.
Observation and Experimentation
Many cultures believed in supernatural forces and spirits, incorporating rituals and magical practices into their healing methods.
Rituals and Superstitions
Ancient healers learned to identify and use specific plants for their medicinal properties, leading to the development of herbal remedies.
Developing Herbal Remedies
Ancient Pharmacopoeias and Knowledge Sharing
Written Records
Knowledge Transmission
Sharing of Knowledge
Ancient civilizations developed:
Written Pharmacopoeias
Documenting Medicinal Plants, Remedies, and Treatment Methods
Knowledge about medicine was passed down through _____ and ______, ensuring its continuity.
Oral Traditions
Apprenticeships
It facilitated the sharing of medical knowledge between civilizations, spreading therapeutic practices.
Trade and Cultural Exchange
It lists various natural remedies, including herbs, plants, minerals, and animal products. These substances were used to treat various ailments, such as pain, fever, and digestive disorders.
Ebers Papyrus
The Ebers Papyrus suggests that ancient Egyptians relied on ______ to discover new remedies.
empirical observations
Advancements in Ancient Pharmaceutical Techniques
Grinding and Mixing
Storing and Preserving
Distillation and Extraction
Inhaling Remedies
Were used to grind and mix herbs, creating powders and tinctures for medicinal purposes.
Mortar and Pestle
Were used to store and preserve herbal remedies, ensuring their potency and efficacy.
Vials and Jars
It was developed by some civilizations to extract essential oils and other medicinal compounds.
Distillation Techniques
It was a common practice for treating respiratory ailments.
Inhaling Vapors from incense and other medicinal substances
Notable Discoveries from Ancient Civilizations
Opium for Pain Relief
Willow Bark for Fever Reduction
Digitalis for Heart Conditions
They used opium, extracted from the poppy plant, as a pain reliever and sedative.
Ancient Egyptians
They recognized the effectiveness of willow bark for reducing fever, a precursor to modern aspirin.
Ancient Greeks
They used digitalis, derived from the foxglove plant, to treat heart conditions, a precursor to modern heart medications.
Ancient Romans
Challenges and Limitations of Ancient Drug Development
Lack of Scientific Understanding
Limited Knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology
Toxicity and Side Effects
Ancient drug development was often based on _____ and _____ rather than scientific understanding.
empirical observations
traditional practices
Ancient civilizations had limited knowledge of ______ , hindering their
understanding of disease processes.
human anatomy and physiology
Many herbal remedies had significant _____, posing risks to patients.
toxicity and side effects
They laid the foundation for modern medicine, highlighting the importance of observing natural remedies, developing pharmaceutical techniques, and sharing knowledge.
Ancient Civilizations
They witnessed significant advancements in drug discovery and development, laying the foundation for modern medicine.
Medieval and Renaissance Periods
Often associated with the pursuit of gold, they also delved into the study of substances and their properties, contributing to early pharmacology.
Alchemists
Alchemists experimented with _____ , seeking to extract their medicinal properties and create new remedies.
minerals and other substances
They developed distillation techniques, which revolutionized the extraction and concentration of medicinal substances.
Alchemists
It dominated medicinal practices during the medieval period, relying on the knowledge of plants’ therapeutic properties.
Herbal Remedies
They played a pivotal role in preserving and transmitting knowledge about medicinal plants, creating extensive herbals and gardens.
Monasteries
Convents
Herbal remedies were widely used for a range of conditions, from common illnesses to complex diseases, showcasing the effectiveness of plants in medicine.
It served as centers of learning and knowledge, playing a vital role in preserving and transmitting medicinal knowledge.
Monasteries
It cultivated a wide variety of medicinal plants, providing essential resources for both medicinal and culinary uses.
Monastic Gardens
They meticulously cultivated and preserved medicinal plants, ensuring a steady supply for remedies and treatments.
Monks
It is a comprehensive work on botany by the ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus.
The Historia Plantarum
He classified plants based on their physical characteristics, which laid the groundwork for future botanical studies and the identification of medicinal plants.
Greek Philosopher Theophrastus
Theophrastus’ work influenced subsequent herbalists and physicians, such as ______ , who expanded upon his knowledge of medicinal plants.
Dioscorides
It is a groundbreaking work on pharmacology and botany that has had a profound influence on the history of medicine.
De Materia Medica of Pedanius Dioscorides
Written in the _____ AD, De Materia Medica, the encyclopedia- style text provides detailed descriptions of over ____ plants, animals, and minerals, along with their medicinal properties and uses.
1st century
600
Dioscorides’ work helped to standardize medicinal knowledge and establish a foundation for future pharmacological research.
It ushered in a new era of academic inquiry, leading to the systematic study of medicine and pharmacology.
Emergence of Universities in the 12th Century
They began focusing on the specific properties of medicinal compounds and their interactions with the human body.
Scholars
University scholars developed textbooks that summarized existing knowledge and provided insights into the efficacy of various remedies.
The study of ______ within universities laid the foundation for early pharmacological research and drug development.
medicinal compounds
Anatomy and Physiology Advancements
Anatomical Dissection
Leonardo Da Vinci
Physiological Functions
The Renaissance period witnessed a renewed emphasis on ____ , leading to a more accurate understanding of the human body.
anatomical dissections
His detailed anatomical drawings revolutionized the study of human anatomy, providing unprecedented insights into its structure.
Leonardo da Vinci
The understanding of anatomy paved the way for a deeper understanding of ____ and their _____.
physiological functions
relationship to disease
Innovations in Drug Delivery
Pills and Tablets
Ointment and Salves
Syrups and Elixirs
Enemas and Suppositories
The introduction of these during the renaissance offered a more convenient and standardized way to administer medications.
Pills and Tablets
These were used topically to treat skin conditions and wounds, offering targeted delivery of medicinal ingredients.
Ointments and Salves
These were developed to make medications more palatable and easier to swallow, especially for children and those with difficulty swallowing.
Syrups and Elixirs
These were introduced for rectal administration, allowing medications to bypass the digestive system and target specific areas.
Enemas and Suppositories
Challenges and Limitations During the Renaissance Perios
Limited Understanding
Lack of Standardization
Ethical Concerns
Lack of Scientific Methods
Despite advancements, there was still a ____ of disease processes and the true mechanisms of drug action.
limited understanding
Drug preparation and dosages were often _____ , leading to variable effectiveness and potential toxicity.
inconsistent
Some treatments involved harmful substances or practices, highlighting the need for ____ in drug development.
ethical considerations
The scientific method, which would later revolutionize drug discovery, was not fully established, leading to a _____.
reliance on tradition and observation
A renowned Persian physician, made significant contributions to pharmacology, writing extensively on medicinal plants and their properties.
Avicenna
Avicenna’s work that was a key medical text and was considered required reading at the University of Vienna in 1537 and contained descriptions of over 700 medicinal plants and the medicines that could be derived from them .
Cannons of Medicine
A controversial but influential Renaissance physician, who challenged traditional medical practices and advocated for the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine.
Paracelsus
He is considered a key figure in the development of modern medicine and is known for his rejection of traditional medical theories in favor of empirical observation and experimentation.
Paracelsus
This era saw the birth of herbal medicine, the development of early chemical processes, and the emergence of scientific inquiry, shaping the foundations of modern medicine.
These advancements laid the groundwork for future breakthroughs, emphasizing the lasting legacy of this pivotal era.
Medieval and Renaissance Periods
It is the golden age of drug discovery
19th Century
The 19th century witnessed significant progress in _____ and how drugs interacted with it.
understanding the human body’s chemistry
Advancements in techniques like ______ allowed for the identification and isolation of active compounds.
spectroscopy and chromatography
These breakthroughs during the 19th century led to the development of new drugs for treating diseases like ____ .
malaria and syphilis.
He isolated morphine from opium in 1805, the first alkaloid to be isolated
Friedrich Sertürner
They isolated quinine from cinchona bark in 1820, a crucial antimalarial drug.
Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou
He investigated the medicinal properties of digitalis in the late 18th century, leading to its use in treating heart failure.
William Withering
Known as the Father of Immunology
He developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796, a significant breakthrough in public health.
Edward Jenner
It was the rise of synthetic drug production, marking a new era in medicine.
19th Century
It allowed scientists to synthesize complex molecules with therapeutic potential.
Advances in organic chemistry
The development of ___ and ____ revolutionized surgery.
antiseptics (carbolic acid)
anesthetics (chloroform)
One of the most significant breakthroughs in 19th century was the synthesis of this painkiller that is still widely used today.
Aspirin
It is known as “The Pharmaceutical Revolution”
20th Century
It fueled the development of large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Industrial Revolution
Dedicated pharmaceutical companies like ____,_____,____ emerged, focusing on drug research andproduction.
Bayer, Merck, and Parke-Davis
The 20th century witnessed the establishment of a _____ drug development process, including preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval.
more standardized
The 20th century witnessed the establishment of a more standardized drug development process, including:
preclinical testing
clinical trials
regulatory approval.
During the 20th century, the discovery of ____ and their role in disease led to a paradigm shift in medicine.
microorganisms
This discovery marked the dawn of the antibiotic era.
Penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928
Antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of ______, saving countless lives and dramatically improving public health.
bacterial infections
The Impact of World War II on Drug Development
Medical Needs
Penicillin Production
Research Funding
WWII spurred the development of new drugs for treating war injuries and diseases.
The demand for penicillin during the war led to ____ and ____
mass production and technological advancements.
The war also increased government funding for medical research, accelerating scientific discoveries.
This emerged during the 20th century, focusing on understanding drug targets and designing molecules that specifically interact with them.
Rational Drug Design
It became integral to drug design, enabling scientists to predict molecular interactions and drug efficacy.
Computer modeling and simulations
This approach led to the development of ____, such as antivirals for HIV and cancer drugs that specifically target tumor cells.
targeted therapies
Completed in 2003, it mapped the entire human genome, providing a blueprint for human biology and disease.
Human Genome Project
Allows for rapid and cost-effective analysis of DNA and RNA, enabling personalized medicine and precision therapeutics.
High-Throughput Sequencing
Techniques like this allow for precise modifications of the genome, opening new possibilities for disease treatment and prevention.
CRISPR-Cas9
It has witnessed a revolution in drug discovery and development, driven by technological advancements and a deeper understanding of human biology.
21st century
It is a medical approach that aims to tailor treatments to the individual patient based on their genetic makeup, environment, and lifestyle.
This approach recognizes that people respond differently to medications and treatments, and that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be optimal for everyone.
Personalized medicine, also known as precision medicine.
These are designed to specifically target disease- causing molecules, minimizing side effects and improving treatment outcomes.
It represents a significant advancement in drug discovery and development, offering a more precise and effective approach to treating diseases.
Targeted Therapies
Future Trends and Emerging Technologies
Artificial Intelligence
Machine Learning
Big Data Analytics
These are being used to analyze vast datasets, identify drug targets, and design new molecules.
AI algorithms
It can predict drug efficacy, identify potential side effects, and optimize clinical trial designs.
ML models
Analyzing large datasets from patients, clinical trials, and other sources to gain insights into disease mechanisms and drug response.
Big Data Analytics
Challenges in 21st Century Drug Discovery and Development
Complex Diseases
Drug Resistance
Rising Costs
He acquired the Ebers Papyrus from the tomb (mummy)
George Ebers
the technique of using an existing drug or drug candidate for a new treatment or medical condition for which it was not indicated before
Drug repurposing
