lecture 2

Question 1

It flourished in the Nile Valley, known for its advanced medical knowledge, complex religious beliefs, and impressive architectural achievements.

Answer 1

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Question 2

Ancient Egyptian civilization is known for its:

Answer 2

Advanced Medical Knowledge
Complex Religious Beliefs
Impressive Architectural Achievements

Question 3

It is recognized for its contributions to philosophy, science, and medicine, including the development of the Hippocratic Oath and the foundation of Western medicine.

Answer 3

Ancient Greece

Question 4

Contributions of Ancient Greece

Answer 4

Philosophy
Science
Medicine
Hippocratic Oath
Foundation of Western Medicine

Question 5

Known for its vastness and influence, has inherited and expanded upon Greek medical knowledge, building elaborate hospitals and developing public health systems.

Answer 5

Roman Empire (Ancient Rome)

Question 6

Ancient Rome contributions:

Answer 6

Expanded Greek Medical Knowledge
Building Elaborate Hospitals
Developing Public Health Systems

Question 7

They developed a sophisticated system of medicine known as Ayurveda, which emphasized holistic healing and the use of natural remedies.

Answer 7

Ancient India

Question 8

A sophisticated system of medicine which emphasized holistic healing and the use of natural remedies.

Answer 8

Ayurveda

Question 9

Early Medicinal Practices

Answer 9

Observation and Experimentation
Rituals and Superstitions
Developing Herbal Remedies

Question 10

Early medicinal practices were often based on observation and experimentation, using natural remedies from plants and minerals.

Answer 10

Observation and Experimentation

Question 11

Many cultures believed in supernatural forces and spirits, incorporating rituals and magical practices into their healing methods.

Answer 11

Rituals and Superstitions

Question 12

Ancient healers learned to identify and use specific plants for their medicinal properties, leading to the development of herbal remedies.

Answer 12

Developing Herbal Remedies

Question 13

Ancient Pharmacopoeias and Knowledge Sharing

Answer 13

Written Records
Knowledge Transmission
Sharing of Knowledge

Question 14

Ancient civilizations developed:

Answer 14

Written Pharmacopoeias

Documenting Medicinal Plants, Remedies, and Treatment Methods

Question 15

Knowledge about medicine was passed down through _____ and ______, ensuring its continuity.

Answer 15

Oral Traditions
Apprenticeships

Question 16

It facilitated the sharing of medical knowledge between civilizations, spreading therapeutic practices.

Answer 16

Trade and Cultural Exchange

Question 17

It lists various natural remedies, including herbs, plants, minerals, and animal products. These substances were used to treat various ailments, such as pain, fever, and digestive disorders.

Answer 17

Ebers Papyrus

Question 18

The Ebers Papyrus suggests that ancient Egyptians relied on ______ to discover new remedies.

Answer 18

empirical observations

Question 19

Advancements in Ancient Pharmaceutical Techniques

Answer 19

Grinding and Mixing
Storing and Preserving
Distillation and Extraction
Inhaling Remedies

Question 20

Were used to grind and mix herbs, creating powders and tinctures for medicinal purposes.

Answer 20

Mortar and Pestle

Question 21

Were used to store and preserve herbal remedies, ensuring their potency and efficacy.

Answer 21

Vials and Jars

Question 22

It was developed by some civilizations to extract essential oils and other medicinal compounds.

Answer 22

Distillation Techniques

Question 23

It was a common practice for treating respiratory ailments.

Answer 23

Inhaling Vapors from incense and other medicinal substances

Question 24

Notable Discoveries from Ancient Civilizations

Answer 24

Opium for Pain Relief
Willow Bark for Fever Reduction
Digitalis for Heart Conditions

Question 25

They used opium, extracted from the poppy plant, as a pain reliever and sedative.

Answer 25

Ancient Egyptians

Question 26

They recognized the effectiveness of willow bark for reducing fever, a precursor to modern aspirin.

Answer 26

Ancient Greeks

Question 27

They used digitalis, derived from the foxglove plant, to treat heart conditions, a precursor to modern heart medications.

Answer 27

Ancient Romans

Question 28

Challenges and Limitations of Ancient Drug Development

Answer 28

Lack of Scientific Understanding Limited Knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology Toxicity and Side Effects

Question 29

Ancient drug development was often based on _____ and _____ rather than scientific understanding.

Answer 29

empirical observations traditional practices

Question 30

Ancient civilizations had limited knowledge of ______ , hindering their understanding of disease processes.

Answer 30

human anatomy and physiology

Question 31

Many herbal remedies had significant _____, posing risks to patients.

Answer 31

toxicity and side effects

Question 32

They laid the foundation for modern medicine, highlighting the importance of observing natural remedies, developing pharmaceutical techniques, and sharing knowledge.

Answer 32

Ancient Civilizations

Question 33

They witnessed significant advancements in drug discovery and development, laying the foundation for modern medicine.

Answer 33

Medieval and Renaissance Periods

Question 34

Often associated with the pursuit of gold, they also delved into the study of substances and their properties, contributing to early pharmacology.

Answer 34

Alchemists

Question 35

Alchemists experimented with _____ , seeking to extract their medicinal properties and create new remedies.

Answer 35

minerals and other substances

Question 36

They developed distillation techniques, which revolutionized the extraction and concentration of medicinal substances.

Answer 36

Alchemists

Question 37

It dominated medicinal practices during the medieval period, relying on the knowledge of plants' therapeutic properties.

Answer 37

Herbal Remedies

Question 38

They played a pivotal role in preserving and transmitting knowledge about medicinal plants, creating extensive herbals and gardens.

Answer 38

Monasteries Convents

Question 39

Herbal remedies were widely used for a range of conditions, from common illnesses to complex diseases, showcasing the effectiveness of plants in medicine.

Question 40

It served as centers of learning and knowledge, playing a vital role in preserving and transmitting medicinal knowledge.

Answer 40

Monasteries

Question 41

It cultivated a wide variety of medicinal plants, providing essential resources for both medicinal and culinary uses.

Answer 41

Monastic Gardens

Question 42

They meticulously cultivated and preserved medicinal plants, ensuring a steady supply for remedies and treatments.

Answer 42

Monks

Question 43

It is a comprehensive work on botany by the ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus.

Answer 43

The Historia Plantarum

Question 44

He classified plants based on their physical characteristics, which laid the groundwork for future botanical studies and the identification of medicinal plants.

Answer 44

Greek Philosopher Theophrastus

Question 45

Theophrastus' work influenced subsequent herbalists and physicians, such as ______ , who expanded upon his knowledge of medicinal plants.

Answer 45

Dioscorides

Question 46

It is a groundbreaking work on pharmacology and botany that has had a profound influence on the history of medicine.

Answer 46

De Materia Medica of Pedanius Dioscorides

Question 47

Written in the _____ AD, De Materia Medica, the encyclopedia- style text provides detailed descriptions of over ____ plants, animals, and minerals, along with their medicinal properties and uses.

Answer 47

1st century 600

Question 48

Dioscorides' work helped to standardize medicinal knowledge and establish a foundation for future pharmacological research.

Question 49

It ushered in a new era of academic inquiry, leading to the systematic study of medicine and pharmacology.

Answer 49

Emergence of Universities in the 12th Century

Question 50

They began focusing on the specific properties of medicinal compounds and their interactions with the human body.

Answer 50

Scholars

Question 51

University scholars developed textbooks that summarized existing knowledge and provided insights into the efficacy of various remedies.

Question 52

The study of ______ within universities laid the foundation for early pharmacological research and drug development.

Answer 52

medicinal compounds

Question 53

Anatomy and Physiology Advancements

Answer 53

Anatomical Dissection Leonardo Da Vinci Physiological Functions

Question 54

The Renaissance period witnessed a renewed emphasis on ____ , leading to a more accurate understanding of the human body.

Answer 54

anatomical dissections

Question 55

His detailed anatomical drawings revolutionized the study of human anatomy, providing unprecedented insights into its structure.

Answer 55

Leonardo da Vinci

Question 56

The understanding of anatomy paved the way for a deeper understanding of ____ and their _____.

Answer 56

physiological functions relationship to disease

Question 57

Innovations in Drug Delivery

Answer 57

Pills and Tablets Ointment and Salves Syrups and Elixirs Enemas and Suppositories

Question 58

The introduction of these during the renaissance offered a more convenient and standardized way to administer medications.

Answer 58

Pills and Tablets

Question 59

These were used topically to treat skin conditions and wounds, offering targeted delivery of medicinal ingredients.

Answer 59

Ointments and Salves

Question 60

These were developed to make medications more palatable and easier to swallow, especially for children and those with difficulty swallowing.

Answer 60

Syrups and Elixirs

Question 61

These were introduced for rectal administration, allowing medications to bypass the digestive system and target specific areas.

Answer 61

Enemas and Suppositories

Question 62

Challenges and Limitations During the Renaissance Perios

Answer 62

Limited Understanding Lack of Standardization Ethical Concerns Lack of Scientific Methods

Question 63

Despite advancements, there was still a ____ of disease processes and the true mechanisms of drug action.

Answer 63

limited understanding

Question 64

Drug preparation and dosages were often _____ , leading to variable effectiveness and potential toxicity.

Answer 64

inconsistent

Question 65

Some treatments involved harmful substances or practices, highlighting the need for ____ in drug development.

Answer 65

ethical considerations

Question 66

The scientific method, which would later revolutionize drug discovery, was not fully established, leading to a _____.

Answer 66

reliance on tradition and observation

Question 67

A renowned Persian physician, made significant contributions to pharmacology, writing extensively on medicinal plants and their properties.

Answer 67

Avicenna

Question 68

Avicenna’s work that was a key medical text and was considered required reading at the University of Vienna in 1537 and contained descriptions of over 700 medicinal plants and the medicines that could be derived from them .

Answer 68

Cannons of Medicine

Question 69

A controversial but influential Renaissance physician, who challenged traditional medical practices and advocated for the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine.

Answer 69

Paracelsus

Question 70

He is considered a key figure in the development of modern medicine and is known for his rejection of traditional medical theories in favor of empirical observation and experimentation.

Answer 70

Paracelsus

Question 71

This era saw the birth of herbal medicine, the development of early chemical processes, and the emergence of scientific inquiry, shaping the foundations of modern medicine. These advancements laid the groundwork for future breakthroughs, emphasizing the lasting legacy of this pivotal era.

Answer 71

Medieval and Renaissance Periods

Question 72

It is the golden age of drug discovery

Answer 72

19th Century

Question 73

The 19th century witnessed significant progress in _____ and how drugs interacted with it.

Answer 73

understanding the human body's chemistry

Question 74

Advancements in techniques like ______ allowed for the identification and isolation of active compounds.

Answer 74

spectroscopy and chromatography

Question 75

These breakthroughs during the 19th century led to the development of new drugs for treating diseases like ____ .

Answer 75

malaria and syphilis.

Question 76

He isolated morphine from opium in 1805, the first alkaloid to be isolated

Answer 76

Friedrich Sertürner

Question 77

They isolated quinine from cinchona bark in 1820, a crucial antimalarial drug.

Answer 77

Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou

Question 78

He investigated the medicinal properties of digitalis in the late 18th century, leading to its use in treating heart failure.

Answer 78

William Withering

Question 79

Known as the Father of Immunology He developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796, a significant breakthrough in public health.

Answer 79

Edward Jenner

Question 80

It was the rise of synthetic drug production, marking a new era in medicine.

Answer 80

19th Century

Question 81

It allowed scientists to synthesize complex molecules with therapeutic potential.

Answer 81

Advances in organic chemistry

Question 82

The development of ___ and ____ revolutionized surgery.

Answer 82

antiseptics (carbolic acid) anesthetics (chloroform)

Question 83

One of the most significant breakthroughs in 19th century was the synthesis of this painkiller that is still widely used today.

Answer 83

Aspirin

Question 84

It is known as “The Pharmaceutical Revolution”

Answer 84

20th Century

Question 85

It fueled the development of large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Answer 85

Industrial Revolution

Question 86

Dedicated pharmaceutical companies like ____,_____,____ emerged, focusing on drug research andproduction.

Answer 86

Bayer, Merck, and Parke-Davis

Question 87

The 20th century witnessed the establishment of a _____ drug development process, including preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval.

Answer 87

more standardized

Question 88

The 20th century witnessed the establishment of a more standardized drug development process, including:

Answer 88

preclinical testing clinical trials regulatory approval.

Question 89

During the 20th century, the discovery of ____ and their role in disease led to a paradigm shift in medicine.

Answer 89

microorganisms

Question 90

This discovery marked the dawn of the antibiotic era.

Answer 90

Penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928

Question 91

Antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of ______, saving countless lives and dramatically improving public health.

Answer 91

bacterial infections

Question 92

The Impact of World War II on Drug Development

Answer 92

Medical Needs Penicillin Production Research Funding

Question 93

WWII spurred the development of new drugs for treating war injuries and diseases.

Question 94

The demand for penicillin during the war led to ____ and ____

Answer 94

mass production and technological advancements.

Question 95

The war also increased government funding for medical research, accelerating scientific discoveries.

Question 96

This emerged during the 20th century, focusing on understanding drug targets and designing molecules that specifically interact with them.

Answer 96

Rational Drug Design

Question 97

It became integral to drug design, enabling scientists to predict molecular interactions and drug efficacy.

Answer 97

Computer modeling and simulations

Question 98

This approach led to the development of ____, such as antivirals for HIV and cancer drugs that specifically target tumor cells.

Answer 98

targeted therapies

Question 99

Completed in 2003, it mapped the entire human genome, providing a blueprint for human biology and disease.

Answer 99

Human Genome Project

Question 100

Allows for rapid and cost-effective analysis of DNA and RNA, enabling personalized medicine and precision therapeutics.

Answer 100

High-Throughput Sequencing

Question 101

Techniques like this allow for precise modifications of the genome, opening new possibilities for disease treatment and prevention.

Answer 101

CRISPR-Cas9

Question 102

It has witnessed a revolution in drug discovery and development, driven by technological advancements and a deeper understanding of human biology.

Answer 102

21st century

Question 103

It is a medical approach that aims to tailor treatments to the individual patient based on their genetic makeup, environment, and lifestyle. This approach recognizes that people respond differently to medications and treatments, and that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be optimal for everyone.

Answer 103

Personalized medicine, also known as precision medicine.

Question 104

These are designed to specifically target disease- causing molecules, minimizing side effects and improving treatment outcomes. It represents a significant advancement in drug discovery and development, offering a more precise and effective approach to treating diseases.

Answer 104

Targeted Therapies

Question 105

Future Trends and Emerging Technologies

Answer 105

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Big Data Analytics

Question 106

These are being used to analyze vast datasets, identify drug targets, and design new molecules.

Answer 106

AI algorithms

Question 107

It can predict drug efficacy, identify potential side effects, and optimize clinical trial designs.

Answer 107

ML models

Question 108

Analyzing large datasets from patients, clinical trials, and other sources to gain insights into disease mechanisms and drug response.

Answer 108

Big Data Analytics

Question 109

Challenges in 21st Century Drug Discovery and Development

Answer 109

Complex Diseases Drug Resistance Rising Costs

Question 110

He acquired the Ebers Papyrus from the tomb (mummy)

Answer 110

George Ebers

Question 111

the technique of using an existing drug or drug candidate for a new treatment or medical condition for which it was not indicated before

Answer 111

Drug repurposing