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lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

whats a polymer

A

covalent bond-linked chain of monomers

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2
Q

what are informational biopolymers? give examples of this

A

DNA, RNA, and protein

polymers that have more than one kind of monomer. order of different monomers is the information

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3
Q

what are the two elements of the informational biopolymer monomers?

A

-a common element (shared by all different monomers for that class of informational biopolymer)
-a characteristic element that makes each monomer different from the others

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4
Q

what forms the backbone of the polymer?

A

covalent bonding between the common elements of monomers

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5
Q

what forms the side chains of the polymer?

A

the characteristic elements

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6
Q

what happens if there are no joining sites exposed at ends?

A

no further growth in polymer chain, only 2 can join together

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7
Q

in what case can we get a branched polymer?

A

if the monomer has three joining its in the common element

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8
Q

true or false, informational biopolymers can be branched

A

false, always linear

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9
Q

can cells make branched polymer?

A

yes, but they arent informational

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10
Q

what type of DNA do some viruses and bacteria have?

A

circular DNA

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11
Q

true or false, linear molecules may be more efficiently handled than branched molecule

A

true

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12
Q

what type of monomers are informational biopolymers made of

A

asymmetric monomers

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13
Q

what are asymmetric monomers?

A

two joining sites per monomer but the two sites are different (B can only join with A, and A can only join with B)

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14
Q

what does the asymmetry of the monomer lead to?

A

asymmetry of the polymer (A end and B end distinct)

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15
Q

true or false, for all informational biopolymers DNA, RNA, and protein, growth is bidirectional

A

false, its unidirectional (only at one end). depicted as added to right end

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16
Q

what is the protein monomer?

A

amino acid

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17
Q

what is the monomer of DNA and RNA?

A

nucleotides

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18
Q

what is the characteristic element of nucleotides?

A

heterocyclic base (rings that have more than one atom). (purines/pyrimidines)

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19
Q

whats the common element that forms the polymer backbone for nucleotides?

A

pentose sugar phosphate

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20
Q

whats a pentose?

A

5 carbon sugar

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21
Q

what are the joining sites on the common element

A

the 5’ phosphate and the 3’ OH (hydroxyl)

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22
Q

true or false nucleic acid polymer growth is by addition of monomers to the 3’ end

A

true

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23
Q

what are the two ends of the nucleic acid polymer chain?

A

5’ phosphate end and 3’ hydroxyl end

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24
Q

what do DNA and RNA nucleotides differ in?

A

pentose sugar

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25
Q

what is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

deoxyribose is missing the 2’ hydroxyl of ribose

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26
Q

what sugar is found in RNA?

A

ribose

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27
Q

what sugar is found in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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28
Q

what are the two types of heterocyclic bases for nucleotides?

A

purines and pyrimidines

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29
Q

what are the purines

A

adenine and guanine

30
Q

what are the pyrimidines?

A

uracil, thymine, and cytosine

31
Q

what are the two heterocyclic bases that are found specifically in RNA and DNA?

A

RNA: uracil
DNA: thymine

32
Q

what is the link between adjacent nucleotides called?

A

phosphodiester bond

33
Q

what is the characteristic element of the proteins?

A

amino acid side chain R

34
Q

what forms the backbone of an amino acid?

A

carbon (alpha carbon), linked to a COOH (carboxyl group), and a NH2 group

35
Q

which stereoisomers of amino acids are used in protein synthesis?

A

L (NOT D)

36
Q

what are the two joining sites on the common element of the protein?

A

-NH2 (AMINO)
-carboxyl (COOH)

37
Q

which characteristic of the R group differentiates amino acids

A

basic or acidic group in the R group

38
Q

how many amino acids?

A

20 different amino acids

39
Q

what are the three main classes of amino acids?

A

-hydrophobic
-hydrophilic
-special

40
Q

what are the two ends of the amino end?

A

-amino end
-carboxyl end

41
Q

how are monomers incorporated into the growing polymer chain?

A

they are energized

42
Q

how are monomers energized?

A

breaking of high energy bond favours the forward reaction

43
Q

what are nucleotide monomers in the form of?

A

high energy nucleoside triphosphate (NTPs)

44
Q

what happens to NTPs?

A

the outer two phosphates are kicked out when the NTP is incorporated into a growing nucleic acid chain

45
Q

what are amino acid monomers in the form of before they are added to the polymer?

A

amino acyl-tRNA esters

46
Q

what happens when we want to incorporate the amino acyl-tRNA ester into a polymer?

A

tRNA molecule is kicked out when the next amino acid is incorporated at the end of a growing protein chain (high energy bond releases energy)

47
Q

what are two things that a monomer needs to join a polymer chain?

A

-energized
-enzyme (linkage reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme)

48
Q

what does the enzyme that helps create the polymer chain associated to?

A

associated with a template biopolymer that directs the enzyme to incorporate the correct flavour monomer

49
Q

what are examples of TEMPLATE biopolymers?

A

DNA, RNA, mRNA

50
Q

whats the biopolymer, template, and enzyme for DNA replication?

A

biopolymer: DNA
template: DNA
enzyme: DNA polymerase

51
Q

whats the biopolymer, template, and enzyme for protein making?

A

biopolymer: protein
template: mRNA
enzyme: ribosome

52
Q

whats the biopolymer, template, and enzyme for RNA?

A

biopolymer: RNA
template: RNA
enzyme: RNA polymerase

53
Q

true or false, RNA and protein usually exist as single polymer chain?

A

true

54
Q

true or false, DNA is usually single stranded

A

false, its double stranded

55
Q

whats RNA involved in?

A

protein synthesis

56
Q

what are DNA strands held together by?

A

H-bonds between complementary bases

57
Q

what are the complementary bases in DNA called?

A

Watson crick base pairs

58
Q

whats the relation between the two DNA STRANDS

A

antiparallel

59
Q

what type of helix is DNA assembled in?

A

right-handed helix termed B DNA

60
Q

whats on the outside of the DNA helix?

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

61
Q

whats on the inside of the DNA helix?

A

base-pairs

62
Q

where can DNA-binding proteins make contact with base pairs? what does this allow for?

A

major or minor grooves
this allows them to identify specific sequences without having to separate the strands

63
Q

true or false, duplex DNA strands can be separated and re-associated

A

true

64
Q

what happens if we break H bonds in the DNA helix? can the bonds reform?

A

strand denaturation
-denaturated DNA strands can accurately re-form base-paired duplex DNA by formation of H-bonds between complementary base-pair sequences (renaturation)

65
Q

why are DNA denaturation and renaturation important processes?

A

is used in important biological processes such as DNA replication and transcription

66
Q

what is the Tm?

A

temperature at which the DNA is half melted

67
Q

what does the Tm depend on?

A

depends on base composition

68
Q

which base pairs give a higher Tm?

A

DNA with a higher proportion of GC base pairs

69
Q

why does it take more energy to separate a G-C pair than an A-T pair?

A

G-C: 3 H bonds
A-T: 2 H bonds

70
Q
A

bio 200 (2 decks)

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