Lecture 2 Flashcards
what are the traditional levels of health care?
- Preventative
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Restorative
- Continuing health care
what does preventative care focus on?
reducing and controlling the risk factors of disease
what does primary care focus on?
improved health outcomes for an entire population
primary health care requires collaboration among who?
health professionals, health care leaders, and community members
what are healthcare programs designed to do?
reduce the incidence of disease
what are some issues in health care delivery for nurses?
- health care costs
- quality patient satisfaction
- nursing shortage
what are four challenges facing nursing?
- aging baby boomer generation
- shortage and uneven distribution of physicians
- rate of nurse retirement
- uncertainty of health care reform
which settings provide restorative care?
- home care
- rehabilitation clinics
- extended care facilities
which settings provide continuing care?
- nursing centers or facilities
- assisted living
- adult day care
- palliative and hospice care
what are the therapeutic benefits of listening to patients?
- creates trust
- opens lines of communication
- creates mutual relationship
what are the benefits of evidence-based care?
- improves quality, safety, and patient outcomes
- increases nurse satisfaction
- reduces cost
what are sources of evidence for evidence based practice (EBP)?
- textbooks, articles from nursing, and health care literature
- quality improvement and risk management data
- retrospective or concurrent chart reviews
- clinicians’ experience
EBP, research, and quality improvement are closely related, but they are separate processes: Describe the EBP process
Use of information from research and other sources to determine safe and effective nursing care with the goal of improving patient care and outcomes
EBP, research, and quality improvement are closely related, but they are separate processes: Describe the research process
systematic inquiry answers questions, solves problems, and contributes to generalized knowledge base of nursing; may or may not improve patient care
EBP, research, and quality improvement are closely related, but they are separate processes: describe the QI process
improves local work processes to improve patient outcomes and health system efficiency; results usually not generalizable
how do you, as a nurse, cultivate a spirit of inquiry?
- question what does not make sense and what needs to be clarified
- gain evidence-based practice knowledge
- be committed to providing the best care possible
- use problem and knowledge-focused triggers
- consider data gathered from a health care setting to examine clinical trends
how do you, as a nurse, evaluate the evidence-based practice decision or change?
- after applying evidence, evaluate the outcome
- never implement a practice change without evaluating it effects
unexpected events or results may occur
when evaluating EBP change, what should you determine?
- was the change effective?
- are modifications needed?
- should the change be discontinued?
What are the components of the nursing research process?
- Assessment - identify area of interest or clinical problem
- Diagnosis - develop research question(s)/hypothesis
- Planning - determine how the study will be conducted
- Implementation - conduct the study
- Evaluation - analyze the results of the study and use the findings
what are the traditional nursing care delivery method models?
- team nursing
- primary nursing
what are todays nursing care delivery method models?
- patient-centered care
- total patient care
- case management
What are the leadership skills nursing students need?
- clinical coordination
- good clinical judgement
- strong priority setting
- organization skills
- appropriate use of resources
- good time management
- continual evaluation
- effective team communication
- appropriate delegation
what are the five rights of delegation?
- right task
- right circumstance
- right person
- right direction
- right supervision
what are steps to effective delegation?
- assess the knowledge and skills of the delegatees
- match the tasks to the delegatees skills
- communicate clearly : task, outcome, time
- listen attentively
- provide feedback
what is caring?
a universal phenomenon that influences the way we think, feel, and behave
since when have nurses studied caring?
since florence nightingale
what is at the heart of a nurses ability to work with all patients in a respectful and therapeutic way?
caring
theoretical views on caring
describe caring is primary
- caring determines what matters to a person
- caring helps you provide patient-centered care
** theoretical views on caring**
describe Leininger’s Transcultural Caring
- caring is an essential human need
- caring helps an individual or group improve a human condition
- caring helps protect, develop, nurture, and sustain people
** theoretical views on caring**
describe Watson’s Transpersonal Caring
- promotes healing and wholeness
- rejects the disease orientation to health care
- places care before cure
- emphasizes the nurse-patient relationship
** theoretical views on caring**
describe Swanson’s Theory of Caring
- defines caring as a nurturing way of relating to an individual
- states that caring is a central nursing phenomenon but is not necessarily unique to nursing practice
what are Watson’s 10 Carative Factors?
- Forming a human-altruistic value system
- instilling faith/hope
- cultivating a sensitivity to oneself and to others
- Developing a helping, trusting, human caring relationship
- Promoting and expressing positive and negative feelings (support and accept your patients feelings)
- using creative problem-solving, caring processes
- Promoting transpersonal teaching/ learning/ learn together while educating the patient to acquire self-care skills
- providing for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual
- meeting human needs
- allowing for existential-phenomenonological-spiritual forces
what is the patient perspective of caring?
patients value the affective dimension of nursing care
what is the effective dimension of nursing care?
- connecting with patients and their families
- being present
- respecting values, beliefs, and health care choices
what is an ethic of care?
- in any patient encounter, a nurse needs to know what behavior is ethically appropriate
- an ethic of care is unique, so professional nurses do not make professional decisions based solely on intellectual or analytical principles
- an ethic of care places caring at the center of decision making
what does providing presence to a patient mean?
- being with
- eye contact
- body language
- tone of voice
- listening
- positive and encouraging attitude
what does the caring behavior of touch accomplish?
- provides comfort
- creates a connection
what does the caring behavior of listening accomplish?
- creates trust
- opens lines of communication
- creates a mutual relationship
what kinds of touch relate to nursing?
- non-contact touch
- contact touch
what kinds of contact touch are there?
- task oriented touch
- caring touch
- protective touch
describe the caring behavior “knowing the patient”
- develops over time
- the core process of clinical decision making
knowing the patient
aspects of knowing include:
- responses to therapy, routines, and habits
- coping resources
- physical capacities and endurance
what are the challenges of caring?
- task oriented biomedical model
- institutional demands
- time constraints
- reliance on technology, cost-effective strategies, and standardized work processes
if health care is to make a positive difference in patients’ lives, what must happen?
health care must become more holistic and humanistic
