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CBNS106 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major classes of cells in the brain?

A

Neurons and Glia

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2
Q

How many neurons are there? What is their function?

A

~85 billion neurons in the human brain
- receives, integrates, and transmit information (on average >1000 synaptic inputs)

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3
Q

What are the 3 major types of glia?

A

1) Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
2) Astrocytes
3) Microglia

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4
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

They wrap around the axon to provide insulation in the form of myelin.

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5
Q

What’s the difference between Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and Schwann cells are in the PNS.

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6
Q

What does glia mean?

A

Glue

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7
Q

What’s the function of Astrocytes?

A

They provide supporting function for neurons. They buffer potassium ions, take up glutamate released by neurons, and provide metabolic fuel.

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8
Q

What’s the function of microglia?

A

Resident immune cells in the brain; they become activated to help fight off infection and clear cellular debris via phagocytosis

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9
Q

What’s the general function of glia?

A

Insulate, support, and nourish neurons

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10
Q

What’s the general function of the neurons?

A

Process information, sense environmental changes, communicate changes to other neurons, and command body response
Excitable cells!

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11
Q

Define histology.

A

Microscopic study of tissue structure

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12
Q

What’s the differences between the 2 stains used?

A

Nissl Stain: stains cell bodies
- facilitates the study of cytoarchitecture in the CNS
Golgi Stain: sparsely stains whole cells
- allows imaging of a whole neuron - cell body and neurites

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13
Q

Who came up with the Reticular theory? What was it?

A

Camillo Golgi described nervous system as a continuous network.

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14
Q

Who came up with the Neuron doctrine and how? What is it?

A

Ramon y Cajal used the gogli stain.
Neuron Doctrine stated that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells.
- Neurons communicate by contact, not continuity.
- Neural circuitry

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15
Q

Describe how a model neuron looks.

A

Center body: Soma
Branches: dendrites
Long stem: Axon

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16
Q

What’s the neuronal membrane made of?

A

Phospholipid membrane encloses cytoplasm
~5 nm thick
Structure of discrete membrane regions influences neuronal function

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17
Q

What is in the cytoplasm?

A

cytosol: watery fluid inside the cell
organelles: membrane-enclosed structures within the soma

18
Q

What is the nucleus responsible for?

A

Gene expression
Transcription
RNA processing

19
Q

What’s the function of ribosomes?

A

Major site for protein synthesis

20
Q

What’s the purpose of rough ER and golgi apparatus?

A

Sites for preparing/sorting proteins for delivery to different cell regions and regulating substances

21
Q

What do free ribosomes produce?

A

cytosolic proteins

22
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

site of cellular respiration, krebs system

23
Q

What are the 3 structures in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules: individual tubulin molecules
Microfilaments: individual actin molecules
Neurofilaments: long polypeptide molecules

24
Q

List the 3 structures from smallest to largest in size.

A

Microfilament: 5 nm
Neurofilament: 10 nm
Microtubule: 20 nm

25
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Antennae of neurons
Synapse = receptors
Spines = Postsynaptic (receives signals from axon terminal)

26
Q

How long can axons be?

A

A millimeter to over a meter long

27
Q

Describe the structure of an axon?

A

Beginning: Axon Hillock
Middle: Axon proper
Axons that branch off the main axon: axon collaterals
Site of synaptic transmission: Axon terminal

28
Q

What are the differences between axon and soma?

A

ER doesn’t extend into axon.
Soma doesn’t have free ribosomes so no protein synthesis.
Protein composition of axonal membrane is unique

29
Q

Differentiate anterograde and retrograde.

A

Anterograde: Soma to terminal transport
Retrograde: Terminal to soma transport

30
Q

What are the 2 motor proteins responsible for transport?

A

Kinesin for anterograde transport
Dynein for retrograde transport

31
Q

What are the main components of the axon terminal?

A
  • No microtubules in terminal
  • Presence of synaptic vesicles
  • Abundance of membrane potentials
  • Large number of mitochondria
32
Q

What can dysfunction of the synaptic transmission lead to?

A

Mental disorders

33
Q

What are 2 types of synaptic transmission?

A
  • presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
  • electrical to chemical to electrical transformation
34
Q

What does the classification Golgi Type I mean?

A

long axons. Extend from one brain region to another
- projection neurons

35
Q

What does classification Golgi Type II mean?

A

Short axons. don’t extend past immediate brain region
- local circuit neurons

36
Q

How are different neurons classified?

A

1) Connections and functions within the CNS
2) Axonal Length
3) Gene Expression
4) Neurotransmitter type
5) Number of Neurites
6) Dendritic and Somatic Morphology

37
Q

What does unipolar mean? Bipolar? Multipolar?

A

Unipolar: single neurite
Bipolar: two neurites
Multipolar: more than two

38
Q

What are the different shapes neurons can be?

A
  • Stellate cells (star shaped)
  • Pyramidal cells (pyramid-shaped)
  • spiny or aspinous
39
Q

Brief description of astrocytes: amount in brain, where are they found, what do they do?

A

Most numerous glia in the brain
fill spaces between neurons
influence neurite growth and regulate chemical content of extracellular space

40
Q

What 2 types of glia fall in the myelinating category?

A

Oligodendroglia and Schwann cells

41
Q

What’s the node of ranvier?

A

Region where axonal membrane is exposed between adjacent myelinating cells

42
Q

What is microglia? Function? Involved in what?

A

Specialized form of glia
- functions as phagocytes: pruning/elimination of synapses
- involved in regulating synapse numbers

CBNS106 (9 decks)

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