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CBNS106 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

study of all aspects of nervous system function from molecular to cellular to systems to cognitive

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2
Q

Define neurologist

A

MD trained to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system

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3
Q

Define psychiatrist

A

MD trained to diagnose and treat disorders of mood and behavior

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4
Q

Define neurosurgeon

A

MD trained to perform surgery on the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Define neuropathologist

A

MD or PhD trained to recognize the changes in the nervous tissue that result from disease

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6
Q

What does a developmental neurobiologist do?

A

analyzes the development and maturation of the brain

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7
Q

What does a molecular neurobiologist do?

A

Uses the genetic material of neurons to understand the structure and function of brain molecules

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8
Q

What does a neuroanatomist do?

A

Studies the structure of the nervous system

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9
Q

What does a neurochemist do?

A

studies the chemistry of the nervous system

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10
Q

What does a neuroethologist do?

A

studies the neural basis of species-specific animal behaviors in natural settings

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11
Q

What does a neurophamacologist do?

A

examine the effects of drugs on the nervous system

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12
Q

What does a neurophysiologist do?

A

measure the electrical activity of the nervous system

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13
Q

What does a physiological psychologist do?

A

Studies the biological basis of behavior

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14
Q

What does a psychophysicist do?

A

Quantitatively measures perceptual abilities

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15
Q

What is alzheimer’s disease?

A

progressive degenerative disease of the brain, characterized by dementia and always fatal

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16
Q

What is autism?

A

emerging in early childhood characterized by impairments in communication and social interactions, and restricted and repetitive behaviors

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17
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum before, during, or soon after birth

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18
Q

What is depression?

A

A serious disorder of mood, characterized by insomnia, loss of appetite, and feelings of dejection

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19
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

A condition characterized by periodic disturbances of brain electrical activity that can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, and sensory disturbances

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20
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

Progressive disease that affects nerve conduction, characterized by episodes of weakness, lack of coordination, and speech disturbances

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21
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

Progressive disease of the brain that leads to difficulty in initiating voluntary movement

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22
Q

What is schizophrenia?

A

Severe psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior

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23
Q

What is spinal paralysis?

A

loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage to the spinal cord

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24
Q

What is stroke?

A

loss of brain function caused by disruption of the blood supply, usually leading to permanent sensory, motor, or cognitive deficit

25
Q

What is neuroanatomy?

A

Study of the gross and microscopic anatomy of the nervous system

26
Q

What is neurophysiology?

A

Study of the electrical signaling of neurons

27
Q

What is neurochemistry?

A

Study of how neurotransmitters are synthesized, released and degraded

28
Q

What is neuropharmacology?

A

Study of drug actions on the brain

29
Q

What is molecular neuroscience?

A

Study of gene actions as they relate to nervous system function

30
Q

What is developmental neuroscience?

A

Study of the mechanisms involved in the wiring of the nervous system during development

31
Q

What is systems neuroscience?

A

Study of neural circuits for sensory systems, behavior, emotions, cognition, and motor control

32
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Study of higher order functions

33
Q

What is the central nervous system comprosed of?

A

brain and spinal cord

34
Q

What’s the difference between gray and white matter?

A

Gray matter: rich in neuronal cell bodies
White matter: long range myelinated axonal fiber tracts

35
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Right hemisphere receives sensation from and controls movement of left side of the body and vice versa

36
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Movement control center. Left hemisphere controls left side of the body and right side controls the right.

37
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Relays information from cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum. Controls vital functions, breathing, consciousness, and control of body temperature.

38
Q

What are the brain coordinate terms in terms of x, y, z?

A

Dorsal/ventral: y/-y
Medial/Lateral: z/-z
Anterior/Posterior or Rostral/Caudal: -x/x

39
Q

What are the brain section terms?

A

Sagittal: cuts lateral/medial
Horizontal: cuts dorsal/ventral
Coronal: cuts anterior/posterior

40
Q

How has the cortex evolved?

A

By size but structure has remained the same
- higher order complex processing

41
Q

What are common features of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • cell bodies in layers/sheets
  • surface layer separated from pia mater, layer 1
  • apical dendrites form multiple branches
42
Q

What dye is used to assessment functional blood brain barrier?

A

Evans Blue Dye

43
Q

What’s the function of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

filled caverns and canals inside brain in ventricles

44
Q

What’s the function of the choroid plexus?

A

Secretes cerebrospinal fluid
- specialized tissue in ventricles

45
Q

What is the choroid plexus structure?

A

Many capillaries separated from the ventricles by choroid epithelial cells. Fluid filters through these cells from blood to become CSF.

46
Q

What’s the route for CSF?

A
  • Circulates through ventricles and absorbed in subarachnoid space at small openings near the cerebellum
  • CSF in subarachnoid space is absorbed back into the blood
47
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Membrane
Pia Mater

48
Q

What’s in the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

49
Q

What is in the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord (encased in bone)

50
Q

List the following of the spinal cord: location, function, and 2 roots

A

Location: Attached to brain stem
Function: Conduit of information
2 roots: Dorsal (sensory fibers) and Ventral (outgoing motor fibers)
- basically outside vs inside

51
Q

Where’s the peripheral nervous system?

A

Outside the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

What are the 2 peripheral nervous systems and how are they different?

A

Somatic PNS: innervates skin, joints, muscles under voluntary contral
- involved dorsal root ganglia (clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord with somatic sensory axons) and ventral root (outgoing motor fibers)
Autonomic PNS: innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands
- sympathetic and parasympathetic

53
Q

What’s the difference between afferent and efferent nerves?

A

Afferent: carry to - information toward a particular point
Efferent: carry from - information away from a point

54
Q

What are the 4 types of non-invasive imaging?

A

CT: Computed tomography
MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging
fMRI: Functional brain imaging
Diffusion Tensor Imaging

55
Q

What’s the function of CT?

A

Computed tomography generates an image of a brain slice
- x-ray beams used to generate data for a digitally reconstructed image
- scans non-invasively revealed the gross organization of gray and white matter and positions of ventricles
- being replaced by MRII

56
Q

How does MRI work?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- based on how hydrogen atoms respond in the brain to a strong magnetic field
- signals are mapped by computer to create images

57
Q

How is MRI better than CT?

A
  • More detail
  • Doesn’t require x-irradation
  • Brain slice image at any angle
58
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

Functional Brain Imaging
- Detects changes in regional blood flow and metabolism within the brain
- Active neurons demand more glucose and oxygen = more blood to active regions
- Detect changes in blood flow

59
Q

How does Diffusion Tensor Imaging work?

A

MRI-based neuroimaging technique which makes it possible to estimate the location, orientation of the brain’s white matter tracts

CBNS106 (9 decks)

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