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reactor design > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of an element. Comprised of an equal number of electrons and protons

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2
Q

What charge do atoms have?

A

they are electronically neutral and have no charge

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3
Q

What elements are stable as individual atoms?

A

Only noble gases, other individual atoms are not stable as individual atoms

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4
Q

Atoms are comprised of an equal number of __ and __.

A

protons and electrons

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5
Q

What are molecules?

A

Molecules consist of a group of similar or different atoms in such a structure that all electrons are paired with other electrons. They are either participating in a bond between atoms or they are cohabitating in an orbital on one of the atoms (such as Nitrogen)

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6
Q

What do molecules consist of?

A

atoms that are electronically neutral and have no charge

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7
Q

Give some examples of molecules.

A

O2, N2, CH4, CH3OH

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8
Q

What are radicals similar to and why?

A

similar to molecules in that they are an assembly of atoms and they electronically neutral with no charge

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9
Q

What are radicals?

A

One electron remains unpaired in a radical. They drive chemical reactions due to their instability and reactivity

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10
Q

All atoms with the exception of ___ can be considered to be radicals.

A

noble gases

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11
Q

Are radicals stable or not stable?

A

not stable and can not be easily isolated

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12
Q

Give some examples of radicals?

A

H, CCl3, OH, CH3CH2

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13
Q

What are Ions?

A

charged particles

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14
Q

Ions have a different number of ___ than ____.

A

electrons than protons

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15
Q

In the gas phase ions exist only at a much _____ than atoms and radicals.

A

higher energy

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16
Q

In condensed ionic solutions such as aqueous salt solutions, ions exist in ____ at ______.

A

solution at room temperature

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17
Q

Give examples of ions.

A

NH4+, Na+, OH-, Cl-

18
Q

What is a simple dissociation?

A

A single bond within a molecule breaks forming two radicals from a molecule

19
Q

Simple dissociations are often called the _____ in a chain reaction.

A

initiation step

20
Q

Give examples of simple dissociation.

A

H2-> 2H
CH3CL-> CH3+ Cl
RR’->R+R’

21
Q

What is molecular elimination?

A

A smaller stable molecule is ejected from a larger stable molecule.

22
Q

Give an example of molecular elimination.

A

C2H5F-> HF+C2H4

23
Q

What is a type of reaction that is considered a molecular elimination?

A

Reverse Diels- Alder
C6H10->C4H6 + C2H4

24
Q

What is abstraction?

A

A reaction between a radical and another species where the radical removes an atom from the other species becoming a molecule and typically creating a new radical in its place

25
Q

What is another word for abstraction?

A

continuation or branching

26
Q

Give an example of an abstraction.

A

CH3 + CCl4 -> CH3Cl + CCl3
R + R’H -> RH + R’

27
Q

What is addition/ substitution?

A

A radical can add to a molecule (double or triple bond) to form either a more complex radical or by rearrangement and elimination a substitution of one radical for another

28
Q

What is another name for addition/subtraction?

A

continuation/branching depending on whether more reactive radical are produced in these steps

29
Q

Give an example of addition/subtraction.

A

OH+ C2H3Cl -> C2H3OH+ Cl
H+ C6H5Cl -> C6H6 + Cl

30
Q

What is combination/Recombination?

A

When two radicals, two atoms, or a radical and an atom combine, they form a new molecule

31
Q

What is another word for combination/recombination?

A

termination steps in a chain reaction

32
Q

Combination/recombination is the opposite of ____.

A

dissociation

33
Q

Give example of combination/recombination.

A

H+H-> H2
CH3 + CH3-> C2H6
H+ R -> RH

34
Q

What does this symbol mean “ <-> “?

A

It indicates you are looking at a reversible reaction.

35
Q

All ____ reactions are reversible.

A

elementary

36
Q

____ determines the equilibrium state of a reacting system.

A

Thermodynamics

37
Q

How do you determine the rate law of a reaction?

A

If and only if we have an elementary reaction, you can find it from the reaction stoichiometry

38
Q

What is equillibrium?

A

The forward and reverse reaction rate become equal. The reactions are still taking place but there is no net change at this point
r_f=r_r
r_net=0

39
Q

How do you rearrange to group constants?

A

write kf/kr on one side and all of the other molecules on the other side by division
kf/kr becomes kc

40
Q
A

reactor design (10 decks)

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