Lecture 2

Question 1

Articulatory Phonetics

Answer 1

Defining sounds by the configuration of speech organs, ARTICULATORS, needed to produce them
FOCUS OF COURSE

Question 2

Acoustic Phonetics

Answer 2

Defining sounds by their waveform in air

Question 3

Orthography vs Transcirption

Answer 3

Orthography is not a good way to rep. sounds
Not one to one:
1) Silent Letters: lamb, psychology, queue
2) Digraphs: phone, fish, position
Ambiguous:
1) Letters representing multiple sounds: though, through, thought, enough
2) Same sounds represented by multiple letters: sea, see adhere, weird

Question 4

Language is innate to humans and writing is….

Answer 4

Not innate
Recent Innovation
Most languages dont have a standard writing system
Inability to write does not affect ability to use language

Question 5

IPA - KNOW SYMBOLS REQUIRED FOR CANADIAN ENGLISH

Answer 5

Established late 19th century
1-1 correspondence between letter and phone/segment
No ambiguous mappings
107 signs, 44 diacritics

Question 6

Language-specific Transcription

Answer 6

Mandarin: “Pinyin”
Japanese: “Hepburn”
English: NOAD

Question 7

Instrument-neutral

Answer 7

Treble clef - notes

Question 8

Instrument-specific

Answer 8

Tab - guitar

Question 9

Articulators

Answer 9

Lungs provide airflow
Oral and Nasal cavities modify the airflow with various articulators: Lips
Tongue
Roof of Mouth

Question 10

Larynx

Answer 10

AKA vocal folds, Vocal chords,Voice box, Adam’s apple
Two flaps of meat
- thyroid cartilage: holds in place on one end
- arytenoid cartilages: draw together and apart on the other
Glottis
- area between vocal folds
- part of larynx

Question 11

Voiceless

Answer 11

Vocal folds are pulled apart
- Air flows freely through oral cavity

Question 12

Voiced

Answer 12

Vocal folds are brought together
- Bernoulli’s principle: speed of a fluid is inversely correlated with pressure
- reeds in music

Question 13

Phonation

Answer 13

Behaviour of vocal folds during speech

Question 14

Modal voice

Answer 14

Normal voice
Normal vibration of vocal chords

Question 15

Breathy voice

Answer 15

Vibration but less contact b/w folds
aka murmured
both consonants and vowels can be breathy
e.g marilyn monroe mr president
Sanskrit contrasts breathy and voiced consonants

Question 16

Creaky voice

Answer 16

Vibration but less airflow
- Vibration is erratic
English: “vocal fry”
- Socially conditioned
Danish: stod
- Phonologically conditioned
Jalapa Mazatec:
- Spoken in Mexico by 15 000 speakers
- contrasts breathy, creaky and creaky breathy vowels from modal (regular voiced) vowels

Question 17

Pulmonic Airflow

Answer 17

Airflow pressure that is modulated by the lungs

Question 18

Eggressive airflow

Answer 18

Airflow that is streaming outwards during speech

Question 19

Vowels

Answer 19

Always pulmonic eggressive

Question 20

Consonants

Answer 20

Pulmonic eggressive in most languages and in english,
In languages w/ other types of consonants, pulmonic eggressive consonants are the most common type

Question 21

Airflow: Ejectives

Answer 21

Glottalic eggressive
- Airflow is pushed into the oral cavity from the lungs, then glottis closed.
The air above the glottis is pushed out during speech

Question 22

Airflow: Clicks

Answer 22

Velaric ingressive: Airflow is pushed into the oral cavity from the lungs, then the back of the tongue forms a complete obstruction at the soft palate. The air in the mouth is pushed in during speech
Easy to produce
Not used outside sub-Saharan Africa