Lecture 2

Question 1

What affects plant structure?

Answer 1

• Genes and enviroment
• It reflects on the interactions with the enviroment

Question 2

Which time-scales affect the plant structure?

Answer 2

Long-term = entire plant species have, nu natural selection, morphological adaptions to survive and reproduce

Short-term = Induvidual plants, more individual in animals. Exhibit structural responses to specific enviroments

Question 3

Plants structural response to enviroment changes are its……

Answer 3

Functional adjustments

Plant produces HORMONE that cause the STOMATA to the close

Question 4

Stomata function

Answer 4

Pores in the leaves thru which most of the water is lost, to close

Question 5

Anatomy of plants; 3 Basic organs….

Answer 5

Roots, stems and leaves

Question 6

Plant body consisting of…..

Answer 6

ORGANS that are composed in different TISSUES and these Tissues are teams of different CELL types

Question 7

What is Angiosperms? And what are the two different plant groupes?

Answer 7

Angiosperm = flowering plants

Monocoats & Dicots

Question 8

Monocots & Dicots differ in….

Answer 8

• Nr of embryos
• leaf venation
• Stems
• Roots
• Flowers

Question 9

What is the basic morphology in plants?

Answer 9

It reflects on thier evolutionary history as terrestrial organisms that must simultanioesly inhabit and take resourses from two enviroments;

Soil (water, minerals) & Air (main sourse of CO2)

Question 10

Plants have two systems…..

Answer 10

Root system & Shoot system

Question 11

What is the Root function

Answer 11

Anchor the plant in the soil
Absorb minerals and water
Store food

Question 12

What type of roots do Monocots have?

Answer 12

• Fibrous roots
• consisting a mat of thin roots spread out below the soil surface

Question 13

What kind of roots do Dicots have?

Answer 13

Taproot system
Consisting of a large vertical root, produces many small branch roots

Question 14

What is the root hairs function?

Answer 14

Absorbe water and minerals
Increases the surface area
(Both systems)

Question 15

What is Adventitous roots?

Answer 15

Roots that arising above ground from stems or even from leaves

Question 16

What is prop roots?

Answer 16

Helps with support of the adventitous root.

Question 17

What does shoot system consist of? What can they be bearing?

Answer 17

Stems and leaves

Vegeative = leaf bearing

Reproductive = flower bearing

Question 18

What system is stem based on?

Answer 18

System of nodes, where the leaves attached, and internodes, the stem segments between nodes

Question 19

Axilliary bud - function

Answer 19

Has the potential to form a vegiative branch

(At the angel formed by each leaf and the stem is an axillary bud)

Question 20

Terminal bud - function

Answer 20

Developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes

Question 21

What do Terminal buds have that is special?

Answer 21

Have speciall tissue, apical meristem

Question 22

What is Apical meristem?

Answer 22

Produces vegetative & productive organs

Cells that can divide indefinitely and produces all the differentiated tissues. Including vegetative and productive organs.

Question 23

What is Aptical dominance

Answer 23

The presence of a terminal bud is partly responsible for inhibiting the growth of axillary buds

Question 24

Modified shoots decription

Answer 24

Is shoots with diverse function and have evolved in many plants

Question 25

Modified shoots has 4 types….

Answer 25

Stolons Rhizomes Tubers Bulbs

Question 26

Stolons - structure/function

Answer 26

”Runners” of strawberry plants Grow on surface Asexually reproduction Plant fragments -> offsprings

Question 27

Rhizomes - structure

Answer 27

Like ginger Horisontal stems Grow underground

Question 28

Tubers - structure

Answer 28

Potato Swollen ends of Rhizosomes specialized for food storage

Question 29

Bulbs - structure

Answer 29

Onions Vertical Underground shoots Swollen bases of leaves that store food

Question 30

Leaves - function

Answer 30

Mainly photosynthetic organs of most plants (Green stems) Consist of a flattend blade and stalk, petriole = joins the leaf to a stem node If no petrioles = base of the leaf forma a sheath that envelps the stem

Question 31

How do you identify and classify plants? (Taxonomist)

Answer 31

Leaf shape Spatial arrangement Pattern of Venins

Question 32

Different kinds of leaf, structure

Answer 32

Simple leaf = simple undivided blade Compound leaf = several leaflets attached to petriole Doubly compound leaf = see picture

Question 33

Ex on evolution for other functions in plants

Answer 33

Tendrils = cling on for support Cacti = for defence Leaves with more water storage Brighter color to attract pollinators

Question 34

Plant histology: 3 tissue systems

Answer 34

Dermal, Vascular and ground

Question 35

Primary dermal tissue; EPIDERMIS Characteristics & function

Answer 35

Characteristics Flat cells, often thick outer walls Leaves and stems secrete a waxy coating (cuticle, helps to retain water) Function Cover and protect young parts of the plant

Question 36

Secondary protective tissue - PERIDERM Characteristics & Function

Answer 36

Replaces the epidermis during growth in thickness of stems and roots Characteristics Waterprof cells, thick cell walls Dead at maturnity Function Forms outer bark

Question 37

Vascular tissue - function

Answer 37

Continously thru the plant is involved in the transport of materials between root and shoots

Question 38

Vascular tissue, 2 types;

Answer 38

Xylem = conveys water and upward from the roots to the shoots Phloem = transport food made in mature leaves to the roots and to nonphotosynthetic parts of the shoot system

Question 39

Water conducting elements of Xylem;

Answer 39

Are the thracheids and vessel elements (Dead at functional maturnity, when these cells are fullt specialized for thier function)

Question 40

Ground tissue - function

Answer 40

- Neither dermal or vascular tissue - Dicot stems = ground tissue is dividend into pith, internal or vascular tissue or cortex, external to the vascular tissue

Question 41

3 cell types in plants;

Answer 41

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Schlerenchyma

Question 42

Cell types in plants function/structure/Characteristics

Answer 42

- Each type of plant cell has a structural adaptions that makes special functions - Distinglished Characteristics is present in protoplast, the cell contents, exlusive of the cell wall - Modifications of cell Wall are also important in how the specialized cells of plants function

Question 43

Parenchyma

Answer 43

- Unspecialised cells with thin primary walls - photosynthesis, secretion, storage

Question 44

Collenchyma

Answer 44

Elongated cells with uneven primary walls, living at maturnity. Support in leaves and stems

Question 45

Schlerenchyma

Answer 45

Elongated with very thick secondary walls Dead at maternity. Helps with support