Lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up muscles?
A
Protein and Water (70%)
2
Q
Building blocks of proteins
A
Amino acids
3
Q
Lean muscle requires more energy to create then fat tissue
A
False
4
Q
Fat stores how much more energy then lean tissue?
A
2.25 times
5
Q
What are the three types of muscles?
A
Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac
6
Q
Skeletal muscles
A
Voluntary and striated (cross striations)
7
Q
Striation
A
Linear muscle tissue
Caused by 2 filaments
8
Q
The thin filament causing striations
A
Actin
9
Q
the thick filament causing striations
A
Myosin
10
Q
Functions of skeletal muscle
A
Movement
Maintain temperature
Posture
Stability of joints
11
Q
How do skeletal muscles maintain temperature
A
Exercise/movement creates heat
Contraction/smaller uses less heat
12
Q
What are muscles connected to
A
Bones, by tendons
13
Q
Tendons
A
Connect muscle to bone
Connective tissue
14
Q
Muscles are usually attached to how many bones?
A
2
15
Q
Extensor
A
Skeletal muscle
Cause straightening (increase angle)
16
Q
Flexor
A
Skeletal muscle
Cause bending (decreases angle)
17
Q
Abductor
A
Skeletal muscle
Causes movement away from the body (outer thigh)
18
Q
Adductor
A
Skeletal muscle
Causes movement toward the body (inner thigh)
19
Q
Beef Carcass Grading system
A
Regulated federally
Consistent products for consumers
20
Q
What is the Beef Grading System based on?
A
Yield and quality
21
Q
Youthful cattle grade
A
A to AAA
B1 to B4
22
Q
Mature cattle grade
A
D1 to D4
E
23
Q
Cows get which letter grade?
A
D
24
Q
Bulls get which letter grade?
A
E
25
Increasing A has what quality?
More fat
26
Smooth muscle
Spindle and involuntary
27
Spindle shaped cells
contain a nucleus and surround hollow structures
28
What structures do smooth muscles surround?
GI tract
Blood vessels
Urinary organs
Reproductive organs
29
What is different about smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?
Slower
Less forceful
Diagonal arrangement (increases stretch)
30
Involuntary muscles are under which control
Autonomic
From endocrine and nervous systems
31
Which hormones aid in involuntary muscle contraction?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
32
Which muscle groups are under involuntary control?
Smooth and Cardiac
33
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary and striated
34
Where are cardiac muscles found?
The heart
35
Why is the cardiac muscle striated?
So that it can contract in a quick and strong fashion
36
What are the components of the circulatory system?
Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Lymph system
37
Function of the cardiac system
transport nutrients, waste, gases, water, and hormones around the body
38
Pulmonary circulation location
Heart to lungs
39
What type of blood flows through the pulmonary artery?
Deoxygenated
40
Where does the pulmonary artery flow?
from the heart to the lungs
41
Where is blood oxygenated in the lungs?
The capillaries
42
What is the purpose of the pulmonary vein?
To bring blood back to the heart from the lungs
43
Where in the body does systemic circulation happen?
Everywhere except the heart and lungs
44
Where does blood leave the heart?
Aorta
45
What allows product exchange from the blood to tissues?
Capillaries
46
Where does material exchange with the blood occur?
The capillaries
47
Which main vein carries blood back to the heart?
The vena cava
48
Arteries carry blood...
Away from the heart
49
Colour of arteries
Red (oxygenated)
50
Are arteries or veins high pressure?
Arteries
51
Are veins low pressure?
Yes
52
Do arteries have valves?
No, veins do
53
Veins carry blood...
Towards the heart
54
What colour are veins?
Blue (dull red)
55
Do veins have valves?
Yes
56
Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?
Arteries
57
Atria
Receiving chamber of the heart
58
Ventricles
Pumping chambers of the heart
59
Where does blood from the body go when it first reaches the heart?
Right atrium
60
Types of vena cava
Anterior and posterior
61
Anterior vena cava
Brings blood from above the heart
62
Posterior vena cava
Brings blood from below the heart
63
Where does blood travel to from the right atrium?
the right ventricle
64
After the right ventricle where does blood go?
through the right pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery
65
Where does the pulmonary artery take blood?
to the lungs
66
What type of blood does the pulmonary artery move?
Non-oxygenated blood
67
After oxygenation blood travels where?
To the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
68
After the left atrium where does blood go?
The left ventricle
69
After the left ventricle where does blood go?
To the body (after passing through the aortic valve) via the aorta
70
What type of blood does the aorta move?
Oxygenated
71
What does blood carry?
Nutrients, Waste, O2/CO2, and Hormones
72
What type of energy does the blood transport?
Heat (homeostatic mechanism)
73
Important component of blood
Buffers (bicarbonate)
74
What is the importance of a buffer in blood?
To resist pH changes
75
How does the blood help with osmotic control?
providing fluid to tissue
76
What mechanism prevents blood escape?
Clotting
77
Fibrinogen acts as what?
A clotting mechanism (Chemical) in the blood
78
What is the purpose of white blood cells and gamma-globulins?
Disease control in the blood
79
What are the components of blood?
Plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells
80
What is the ratio of plasma to red blood cells?
5/6:4/5
Generally more plasma
81
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
82
Leukocytes
White blood cells
83
Thrombocytes
Platelets
84
Do white blood cells have a nucleus?
Yes
85
Where do red blood cells come from?
red bone marrow
86
What component of red blood cells binds to oxygen?
Hemoglobin (iron+globulin)
87
Nitrate poisoning
When nitrite (from nitrate) levels are too high and hemoglobin can't bind to O
88
What is the result of Nitrate poisoning?
Suffocation
89
Methemoglobin
Suffocation by nitrate poisoning
90
When is Nitrate poisoning a higher risk?
Dry years, plants can't convert it to protein because they are too stressed
91
Pigs are more susceptible then cows to nitrate poisoning
No, Cows are most susceptible, pigs are the least
92
What is nitrate converted to in the rumen?
Nitrite
93
White blood cells role
Immune system (Disease defense)
94
Where are white blood cells formed?
Red bone marrow and lymph glands
95
What is produced in lymph glands such as the spleen and thymus?
White blood cells
96
Which type of blood cell is not confined to the blood?
White blood cells
97
Types of white blood cells
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
98
Function of neutrophils and monocytes
Attracted to infection
Phagocytose bacteria
99
Function of Eosinophils
control allergic and parasitic infections
100
Function of basophils
Allergic and inflammatory response
101
Function of Lymphocytes
Mediates immune response
2 types
102
types of lymphocytes
T and B
103
Function of T lymphocytes
cellular immunity
Attack infected cells
104
Which types of lymphocyte depends on antibodies
B
105
Function of B lymphocytes
Humoral immunity
Passed down by a mother
Creates Antigens
106
Purpose of a white blood cell count
Diagnosing problems
107
High WBC count
Bacterial infection
108
Low WBC count
viral infection (lower produciton)
109
Somatic cell counts
Various cell (mostly WBC) count in milk
110
What does a SCC count indicate
health and milk quality
111
Differential WBC count
% of white blood cell types
112
What effect does stress have on white blood cell types?
Higher neutrophils relative to lymphocytes
113
What type of blood cell increases with parasites?
Eosinophils
114
Another name for platelets
Thromocytes
115
What is the purpose of platelets
to attach to injuries and release fibrinogen
116
Fribinogen
Chemical necessary for blood clotting
117
Another name for plasma
Serum
118
What makes up plasma?
90% water
10% solids
119
Solids in plasma?
Inorganic salts
Antibodies
Hormones
Vitamins
Enzymes
Glucose
Fats
Proteins
120
Inorganic salts in plasma
Na
Ca
K
Mg
121
Proteins in plasma
Albumin
Globulin
Transferrin
Ceruloplasmin
122
Serum collection purposes
Health and nutritional status indicators
123
Where are plasma samples taken from?
The tail or jugular
124
How are plasma cells separated?
Centrifugation
125
Difference between plasma and serum
Plasma = non clotted
Serum = clotted
126
What prevents clotting in plasma samples?
Anticoagulant
