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ANSC 212 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up muscles?

A

Protein and Water (70%)

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2
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

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3
Q

Lean muscle requires more energy to create then fat tissue

A

False

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4
Q

Fat stores how much more energy then lean tissue?

A

2.25 times

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5
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac

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6
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary and striated (cross striations)

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7
Q

Striation

A

Linear muscle tissue
Caused by 2 filaments

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8
Q

The thin filament causing striations

A

Actin

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9
Q

the thick filament causing striations

A

Myosin

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10
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement
Maintain temperature
Posture
Stability of joints

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11
Q

How do skeletal muscles maintain temperature

A

Exercise/movement creates heat
Contraction/smaller uses less heat

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12
Q

What are muscles connected to

A

Bones, by tendons

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13
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone
Connective tissue

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14
Q

Muscles are usually attached to how many bones?

A

2

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15
Q

Extensor

A

Skeletal muscle
Cause straightening (increase angle)

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16
Q

Flexor

A

Skeletal muscle
Cause bending (decreases angle)

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17
Q

Abductor

A

Skeletal muscle
Causes movement away from the body (outer thigh)

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18
Q

Adductor

A

Skeletal muscle
Causes movement toward the body (inner thigh)

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19
Q

Beef Carcass Grading system

A

Regulated federally
Consistent products for consumers

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20
Q

What is the Beef Grading System based on?

A

Yield and quality

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21
Q

Youthful cattle grade

A

A to AAA
B1 to B4

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22
Q

Mature cattle grade

A

D1 to D4
E

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23
Q

Cows get which letter grade?

A

D

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24
Q

Bulls get which letter grade?

A

E

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25
Q

Increasing A has what quality?

A

More fat

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26
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Spindle and involuntary

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27
Q

Spindle shaped cells

A

contain a nucleus and surround hollow structures

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28
Q

What structures do smooth muscles surround?

A

GI tract
Blood vessels
Urinary organs
Reproductive organs

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29
Q

What is different about smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

A

Slower
Less forceful
Diagonal arrangement (increases stretch)

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30
Q

Involuntary muscles are under which control

A

Autonomic
From endocrine and nervous systems

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31
Q

Which hormones aid in involuntary muscle contraction?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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32
Q

Which muscle groups are under involuntary control?

A

Smooth and Cardiac

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33
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary and striated

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34
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found?

A

The heart

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35
Q

Why is the cardiac muscle striated?

A

So that it can contract in a quick and strong fashion

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36
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Lymph system

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37
Q

Function of the cardiac system

A

transport nutrients, waste, gases, water, and hormones around the body

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38
Q

Pulmonary circulation location

A

Heart to lungs

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39
Q

What type of blood flows through the pulmonary artery?

A

Deoxygenated

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40
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery flow?

A

from the heart to the lungs

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41
Q

Where is blood oxygenated in the lungs?

A

The capillaries

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42
Q

What is the purpose of the pulmonary vein?

A

To bring blood back to the heart from the lungs

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43
Q

Where in the body does systemic circulation happen?

A

Everywhere except the heart and lungs

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44
Q

Where does blood leave the heart?

A

Aorta

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45
Q

What allows product exchange from the blood to tissues?

A

Capillaries

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46
Q

Where does material exchange with the blood occur?

A

The capillaries

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47
Q

Which main vein carries blood back to the heart?

A

The vena cava

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48
Q

Arteries carry blood…

A

Away from the heart

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49
Q

Colour of arteries

A

Red (oxygenated)

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50
Q

Are arteries or veins high pressure?

A

Arteries

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51
Q

Are veins low pressure?

A

Yes

52
Q

Do arteries have valves?

A

No, veins do

53
Q

Veins carry blood…

A

Towards the heart

54
Q

What colour are veins?

A

Blue (dull red)

55
Q

Do veins have valves?

A

Yes

56
Q

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?

A

Arteries

57
Q

Atria

A

Receiving chamber of the heart

58
Q

Ventricles

A

Pumping chambers of the heart

59
Q

Where does blood from the body go when it first reaches the heart?

A

Right atrium

60
Q

Types of vena cava

A

Anterior and posterior

61
Q

Anterior vena cava

A

Brings blood from above the heart

62
Q

Posterior vena cava

A

Brings blood from below the heart

63
Q

Where does blood travel to from the right atrium?

A

the right ventricle

64
Q

After the right ventricle where does blood go?

A

through the right pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery

65
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery take blood?

A

to the lungs

66
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery move?

A

Non-oxygenated blood

67
Q

After oxygenation blood travels where?

A

To the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

68
Q

After the left atrium where does blood go?

A

The left ventricle

69
Q

After the left ventricle where does blood go?

A

To the body (after passing through the aortic valve) via the aorta

70
Q

What type of blood does the aorta move?

A

Oxygenated

71
Q

What does blood carry?

A

Nutrients, Waste, O2/CO2, and Hormones

72
Q

What type of energy does the blood transport?

A

Heat (homeostatic mechanism)

73
Q

Important component of blood

A

Buffers (bicarbonate)

74
Q

What is the importance of a buffer in blood?

A

To resist pH changes

75
Q

How does the blood help with osmotic control?

A

providing fluid to tissue

76
Q

What mechanism prevents blood escape?

A

Clotting

77
Q

Fibrinogen acts as what?

A

A clotting mechanism (Chemical) in the blood

78
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells and gamma-globulins?

A

Disease control in the blood

79
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells

80
Q

What is the ratio of plasma to red blood cells?

A

5/6:4/5
Generally more plasma

81
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

82
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

83
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

84
Q

Do white blood cells have a nucleus?

A

Yes

85
Q

Where do red blood cells come from?

A

red bone marrow

86
Q

What component of red blood cells binds to oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin (iron+globulin)

87
Q

Nitrate poisoning

A

When nitrite (from nitrate) levels are too high and hemoglobin can’t bind to O

88
Q

What is the result of Nitrate poisoning?

A

Suffocation

89
Q

Methemoglobin

A

Suffocation by nitrate poisoning

90
Q

When is Nitrate poisoning a higher risk?

A

Dry years, plants can’t convert it to protein because they are too stressed

91
Q

Pigs are more susceptible then cows to nitrate poisoning

A

No, Cows are most susceptible, pigs are the least

92
Q

What is nitrate converted to in the rumen?

A

Nitrite

93
Q

White blood cells role

A

Immune system (Disease defense)

94
Q

Where are white blood cells formed?

A

Red bone marrow and lymph glands

95
Q

What is produced in lymph glands such as the spleen and thymus?

A

White blood cells

96
Q

Which type of blood cell is not confined to the blood?

A

White blood cells

97
Q

Types of white blood cells

A

Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil

98
Q

Function of neutrophils and monocytes

A

Attracted to infection
Phagocytose bacteria

99
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A

control allergic and parasitic infections

100
Q

Function of basophils

A

Allergic and inflammatory response

101
Q

Function of Lymphocytes

A

Mediates immune response
2 types

102
Q

types of lymphocytes

A

T and B

103
Q

Function of T lymphocytes

A

cellular immunity
Attack infected cells

104
Q

Which types of lymphocyte depends on antibodies

A

B

105
Q

Function of B lymphocytes

A

Humoral immunity
Passed down by a mother
Creates Antigens

106
Q

Purpose of a white blood cell count

A

Diagnosing problems

107
Q

High WBC count

A

Bacterial infection

108
Q

Low WBC count

A

viral infection (lower produciton)

109
Q

Somatic cell counts

A

Various cell (mostly WBC) count in milk

110
Q

What does a SCC count indicate

A

health and milk quality

111
Q

Differential WBC count

A

% of white blood cell types

112
Q

What effect does stress have on white blood cell types?

A

Higher neutrophils relative to lymphocytes

113
Q

What type of blood cell increases with parasites?

A

Eosinophils

114
Q

Another name for platelets

A

Thromocytes

115
Q

What is the purpose of platelets

A

to attach to injuries and release fibrinogen

116
Q

Fribinogen

A

Chemical necessary for blood clotting

117
Q

Another name for plasma

A

Serum

118
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

90% water
10% solids

119
Q

Solids in plasma?

A

Inorganic salts
Antibodies
Hormones
Vitamins
Enzymes
Glucose
Fats
Proteins

120
Q

Inorganic salts in plasma

A

Na
Ca
K
Mg

121
Q

Proteins in plasma

A

Albumin
Globulin
Transferrin
Ceruloplasmin

122
Q

Serum collection purposes

A

Health and nutritional status indicators

123
Q

Where are plasma samples taken from?

A

The tail or jugular

124
Q

How are plasma cells separated?

A

Centrifugation

125
Q

Difference between plasma and serum

A

Plasma = non clotted
Serum = clotted

126
Q

What prevents clotting in plasma samples?

A

Anticoagulant

ANSC 212 (4 decks)

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