Lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what kind of estrous cycles do dogs have
A
yearly nonseasonal diestrous
2
Q
Time preceding mating in dogs
A
proestrus
3
Q
during proestrus, the bitch is attractive to males but will not all what
A
mating
4
Q
in dogs, how does the vulva appear in proestrus
A
swollen
5
Q
In dogs, serosanguineous discharge is present during which estrous cycle
A
proestrus
6
Q
In dogs, Estrogen causes vaginal epithelial cells to do what
A
cornify
7
Q
what does cornified cells mean
A
largest cells in the smear
lack a nucleus
8
Q
Time of sexual receptivity when bitch will allow mating
A
estrus
9
Q
in dogs, vulvar swelling typically does what during estrus
A
decreases
10
Q
In dogs, during estrus, bloody discharge changes to _____ color or may _______ throughout estrus
A
straw
continue
11
Q
in dogs, what three things will a vaginal cytology show during estrus
A
100% Cornified vaginal epithelial cells
No White blood cells
Occasional Bacteria observed
12
Q
the end of estrus
A
diestrus
13
Q
time of pregnancy being established happens when
A
diestrus
14
Q
in dogs, there is an abrupt decline in the percentage of _______ cells on day 1 of _______
A
cornified
diestrus
15
Q
D1 =
A
day 1 of diestrus
16
Q
in dogs, 4-8 days after LH surge (1-4 days before D1)
A
fertile period
17
Q
in dogs, 5-6 days after LH surge (2-3 days before D1)
A
peak fertility
18
Q
In dogs, Be sure that vaginal cytology is fully cornified during what time
A
mating schedule
19
Q
Time when female is not undergoing any reproductive events. ‘Hormone quiescence’
Not “Not in Heat”
A
Anestrus
20
Q
in dogs, three techniques for repro evaluations
A
Vaginal cultures for bacteria
Vaginal cytology
Hormone assays
21
Q
in dogs, when are vaginal cultures usually done
A
when there are clinical issues indicating an issue
22
Q
technique for vaginal cultures, to prevent contamination
A
guarded swab
23
Q
in dogs, Used to analyze reproductive cycle
DOES NOT precisely predict ovulation
A
vaginal cytology
24
Q
what is the technique for evaluating a vaginal cytology
A
Examine vaginal cells on prepared slide with microscope
25
Three steps for vaginal sample handling
1. roll swab head onto a clean slide - don't smear or grind onto slide
2. air dry and stain
3. examine under microscope
26
in dogs, what kind of vaginal epithelial cells will you see under the microscope
Noncornified cells
Cornified cells
27
in dogs, vaginal cytology cannot precisely predict what
ovulation
28
in dogs, what does 100% cornified cells mean on a vaginal cytology
bitch is in estrus
29
in dogs, when there is an abrupt decline of cornified cells on a vaginal cytology, what does this represent
End of estrus and start of Diestrus (D1)
30
in dogs, what can precisely predict ovulation
hormone assays
31
what hormone increases before ovulation - only in canines
progesterone
32
in dogs, With hormone assay, Initial serum progesterone increase correlates with
LH surge (release of oocytes from follicles)
33
in dogs, LH peak may occur from same day of, or up to _____ days after, full cornification
two
34
in dogs, can determine LH surge - The “Gold Standard”
Progesterone assay
35
in dogs, The initial rise of progesterone happens when
the same day as the LH surge
36
in dogs, when does ovulation occur
two days after the LH spike
37
in dogs, Commercially-available in-house kits assay what two hormones
LH or Progesterone
38
in dogs, how soon are in house assay results available
20 minutes
39
in dogs, LH can be tested in house but requires what
daily serum collection
40
in dogs, what will make a progesterone kit give false high reading
if the kits is too cold
41
in dogs, three reasons why a kit might give false low readings
Serum handled improperly
Hemolyzed sample
Lipemic sample
42
Four ways to determine pregnancy in the canine
Abdominal Palpation
Hormone assay
Ultrasound
Radiology
43
in dogs, abdominal palpitation for pregnancy detection can be performed during a ________ day window
7 to 10 day
44
in dogs, when can abdominal palpitation for pregnancy detection be use
21 days after D1
45
in dogs, when does the window close to use abdominal palpitation for pregnancy detection
D1 + 30 days
46
in dogs, What hormone do hormone assay tests use to determine pregnancy
relaxin
47
in dogs, When are hormone assay tests reliable for determining pregnancy
28 days post LH surge OR day 20 after D1
48
in dogs, when can ultrasound be used to establish pregnancy
D1+20 days - up to parturition
49
in dogs, What is the only reliable method to accurately determine number of pups, relative sizes, and position
Radiology
50
in dogs, when is radiology used to determine pregnancy
after D1+37 days
51
in dogs, how can you estimate gestation length
Use day of progesterone rise (LH spike) or D1
52
what is the range of gestation in dogs
55-70 days from breeding event
53
what is a more reliable predictor of the whelping date
D1 + 57-58 days
54
how long does stage 1 parturition last for dogs
6 - 12 hours (can go up to 36 hours)
55
two behaviors that bitches show in stage 1 parturition
restlessness
nesting
56
in dogs, what will the body temp drop to in stage 1 parturition
99 degress
57
how soon will 85% of bitch go to stage 2 parturition after the temp drop
within 24 hours
58
in dogs, how often should you monitor temp during stage 1 parturition
daily
59
in dogs, how long does stage 2 parturition last
3 to 6 hours (up to 24 hours)
60
what percentage of puppies are born in the anterior position, front legs and head first
60%
61
how long should delivery take, per puppy
20-60 mins
62
no more than how many hours between delivery of puppies
two hours
63
what kind of placenta do dogs have
zonary
64
in dogs, what kind of discharge is normal around the placental attachment
blackish green
65
three signs of dystocia in bitches and that you should seek veterinary intervention:
No progress after ________ of STRONG, CONTINUAL contractions
No progress after ________of WEAK, INFREQUENT contractions
_________ discharge
30 mins
2 hours
grass clipping green
66
in dogs, what should you look for with dystocia
malposition of a puppy
67
in dogs, two ways to evaluate dystocia
ultrasound
radiography
68
canines have a normal _____ involution period
long
69
in dogs, vulvar discharge is considered ______, it can be hemorrhagic but should not be ______
normal
odorous
70
in dogs, how long can normal vulvar discharge last after welping
8 to 10 weeks
71
in dogs, what is suspected in vulvar discharge last 12 weeks or more
subinvolution of the placental sites (SIPS)
72
three signs of neglected (by mom) puppies
unhappy
hungry
fussy
73
in dogs, what does green vulvar discharge usually mean
retained placenta
74
Inflammation of Uterus/Endometrium
metritis
75
what is the clinical sign of metritis
foul smelling vaginal discharge
76
two post partum reasons that puppies might need supplemental hand feeding
metritis
mastitis
77
Inflammation of mammary glands
mastitis
78
three clinical signs of mastitis
fever
lethargy
glands are swollen/discolored
79
in dogs, two true ER postpartum problems
eclampsia (milk fever - hypocalcemia)
pyometra
80
in dogs, eclampsia is a more common problem in what kind of breeds
smaller breeds
81
in dogs, four symptoms of eclampsia
tremors
excitation
hyperthermia
convulsions
82
treatment for eclampsia
IV or oral calcium
83
infection in uterus
pyometra
84
what hormone is related to pyometra
progesterone
85
seven clinical signs of pyometra
Lethargy
depression
febrile
polyuria
polydipsia
Leukocytosis
enlarged fluid-filled uterus
86
three treatments for pyometra
Antibiotics
prostaglandins
Ovariohysterectomy
87
four non pregnancy problems that female dogs can experience
Pyometra
Pseudopregnancy
Mismating (therapeutic abortion)
Brucellosis
88
when is pyometra the most common is dogs who aren't bred
1 to 2 months after estrus
89
in dogs, what normal elevated hormone leads to pseudopregnancy
progesterone
90
in dogs, three symptoms associated with pseudopregnancy
Mammary development
Lactation
Maternal behavior
91
in dogs, treatment for pseudopregnancy
hormonal treatment can accelerate process
wait for symptoms to disappear
92
in mismating cases, over what percentage of bitches presented are not actually pregnant
over 50%
93
in dogs, three options for mismating treatment
Ovariohysterectomy
Allow Whelp (“oops litter”)
Therapeutic Abortion
94
In dogs, Four ways to abort mismating pregnancies
Estradiol cypionate (ECP)
Prostaglandin
Dopamine agonists
Dexamethasone
95
in dogs, which mismating abortion option has malpractice concerns
Estradiol cypionate (ECP)
96
in dogs, which mismating abortion option is multiple shots given over 5 to 7 days
Prostaglandin
97
in dogs, which mismating abortion option is an oral medication given at home
Dexamethasone
98
in dogs, how long must you do Dexamethasone treatment for mismating abortions
until abortion is complete
99
in dogs, which mismating abortion option has significant side effects
dexamethasone
100
Preferred drug for therapeutic abortion in dogs
Dexmethasone
101
what are female cats called
queens
102
what kind of breeders are cats
seasonal
103
when do most queens have estrous cycles
spring
104
cats are seasonally polyestrous ______ day breeders
long
105
what can affect the breeding cycles of indoor cats
artificial lighting
106
cats are _____ ovulators, meaning that queens must have vaginal ______ to induce the ____ surge - causing ovulation
induced
stimulation
LH
107
After breeding, when should vaginal stimulation happen in cats to have pregnancy
day 3 of estrus
108
what kind of vaginal stimulation do cats needs, at least _____ hours apart - the ovulation is triggered
multiple stimulation, 2 to 3 hours apart
109
how long does proestrus last for cats
1 to 3 days
110
how long does estrus last for cats
8 to 10 days
111
what do cats exhibit during estrus
Exaggerated Lordosis, Rolling
112
how long is diestrus in cats (if ovulates but not pregnant)
40 days (if ovulates but not pregnant)
113
how long is anestrus in cats (after pregnancy)
2 weeks following pregnancy or pseudo pregnancy
114
how long is interestrus in cats (if no ovulation occurs)
3-14 days following non-ovulation estrus
115
three possibilities with the estrous cycle in cats
ovulation and pregnancy
ovulation without pregnancy
no ovulation
116
gestation period for cats
63-66 days after mating
117
what two factors are NOT used to determine pregnancy in cats (but used in dogs)
Diestrus (D1) and LH level timing
118
how long is the anestrus/post parturition quiescent (dormant) period in cats
2 to 6 weeks
119
depending on the season and/or lighting, cats might have what after pregnancy
seasonal anestrus
120
how long will cats have Diestrus (pseudopregnancy) if they have ovulation without pregnancy
40 days following estrus
121
what prevents the return to estrus after ovulation without pregnancy in cats
high progesterone
122
why are progestogen levels high in cats, even if pregnancy didn't happen with ovulation
Corpora lutea not lysed by Prostaglandin
123
how long is the interestus period in cats if ovulation happens without pregnancy
2 weeks
124
what will cats return to if ovulation without pregnancy occurs
Proestrus
(Seasonal Anestrus if less the 8 hours of daylight)
125
two reasons why queens will not ovulate
Queen not bred
insufficient stimulation to effect LH surge
126
if no ovulation occurs in cats what stage of estrous will they be in
interestrus (transitory anestrus)
127
how long does interestrus (Transitory anestrus) last in cats when no ovulation occurs
3 to 14 days
128
after interestrus (Transitory anestrus) in cats, what do they return to
Proestrus (Seasonal Anestrus if less than 8 hours of daylight)
129
three ways to determine pregnancy in a queen
abdominal palpation
ultrasound
radiography
130
when can abdominal palpation by used to determine pregnancy in cats
16 to 30 days after mating
131
when can ultrasound be used to determine pregnancy in cats
14 days after mating to term
132
when can radiography be used to determine pregnancy in cats
after 43 days
133
In cats, Series of normal estrous cycles present as “one long cycle”
prolonged estrus in Intact Queen
134
prolonged estrus in intact queens is normal estrus with short ________ day interestrus, followed by another _______
1 to 2 days
estrus
135
what is not a common cause for prolonged estrus in intact queens
cystic ovaries
136
three treatment options for prolonged estrus in intact queens - which is prefered
Ovariohysterectomy - prefered
Induced ovulation
Hormone treatment
137
how long is the reprieve offered by induced ovulation treatment for prolonged estrus treatment in intact queens
40 days
138
how can you determine the cause for estrus in neutered queens
manually induce ovulation and see if estrus stops
139
if estrus stops in a neutered queen with manually induced ovulation, what does this indicate
ovarian tissue is still present
140
if estrus continues in a neutered queen with manually induced ovulation, what does this indicate
adrenal glands may be the source of estrogen
141
three signs of dystocia in queens:
_____ mins intense labor with no kitten produced
_____ mins intense labor when kitten is present
acute __________
presence of fresh blood for more than _____ mins
20
10
depression
10
142
In queens, normal postpartum discharge is a red-black non-odorous postpartum fluid that can be seen up to how long after queening
3 weeks
143
Three postpartum considerations for queens
metritis
mastitis
pyometra
