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Clin Tech 3 - Repro > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of estrous cycles do dogs have

A

yearly nonseasonal diestrous

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2
Q

Time preceding mating in dogs

A

proestrus

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3
Q

during proestrus, the bitch is attractive to males but will not all what

A

mating

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4
Q

in dogs, how does the vulva appear in proestrus

A

swollen

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5
Q

In dogs, serosanguineous discharge is present during which estrous cycle

A

proestrus

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6
Q

In dogs, Estrogen causes vaginal epithelial cells to do what

A

cornify

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7
Q

what does cornified cells mean

A

largest cells in the smear
lack a nucleus

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8
Q

Time of sexual receptivity when bitch will allow mating

A

estrus

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9
Q

in dogs, vulvar swelling typically does what during estrus

A

decreases

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10
Q

In dogs, during estrus, bloody discharge changes to _____ color or may _______ throughout estrus

A

straw
continue

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11
Q

in dogs, what three things will a vaginal cytology show during estrus

A

100% Cornified vaginal epithelial cells
No White blood cells
Occasional Bacteria observed

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12
Q

the end of estrus

A

diestrus

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13
Q

time of pregnancy being established happens when

A

diestrus

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14
Q

in dogs, there is an abrupt decline in the percentage of _______ cells on day 1 of _______

A

cornified
diestrus

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15
Q

D1 =

A

day 1 of diestrus

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16
Q

in dogs, 4-8 days after LH surge (1-4 days before D1)

A

fertile period

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17
Q

in dogs, 5-6 days after LH surge (2-3 days before D1)

A

peak fertility

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18
Q

In dogs, Be sure that vaginal cytology is fully cornified during what time

A

mating schedule

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19
Q

Time when female is not undergoing any reproductive events. ‘Hormone quiescence’
Not “Not in Heat”

A

Anestrus

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20
Q

in dogs, three techniques for repro evaluations

A

Vaginal cultures for bacteria
Vaginal cytology
Hormone assays

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21
Q

in dogs, when are vaginal cultures usually done

A

when there are clinical issues indicating an issue

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22
Q

technique for vaginal cultures, to prevent contamination

A

guarded swab

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23
Q

in dogs, Used to analyze reproductive cycle
DOES NOT precisely predict ovulation

A

vaginal cytology

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24
Q

what is the technique for evaluating a vaginal cytology

A

Examine vaginal cells on prepared slide with microscope

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25
Q

Three steps for vaginal sample handling

A
  1. roll swab head onto a clean slide - don’t smear or grind onto slide
  2. air dry and stain
  3. examine under microscope
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26
Q

in dogs, what kind of vaginal epithelial cells will you see under the microscope

A

Noncornified cells
Cornified cells

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27
Q

in dogs, vaginal cytology cannot precisely predict what

A

ovulation

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28
Q

in dogs, what does 100% cornified cells mean on a vaginal cytology

A

bitch is in estrus

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29
Q

in dogs, when there is an abrupt decline of cornified cells on a vaginal cytology, what does this represent

A

End of estrus and start of Diestrus (D1)

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30
Q

in dogs, what can precisely predict ovulation

A

hormone assays

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31
Q

what hormone increases before ovulation - only in canines

A

progesterone

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32
Q

in dogs, With hormone assay, Initial serum progesterone increase correlates with

A

LH surge (release of oocytes from follicles)

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33
Q

in dogs, LH peak may occur from same day of, or up to _____ days after, full cornification

A

two

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34
Q

in dogs, can determine LH surge - The “Gold Standard”

A

Progesterone assay

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35
Q

in dogs, The initial rise of progesterone happens when

A

the same day as the LH surge

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36
Q

in dogs, when does ovulation occur

A

two days after the LH spike

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37
Q

in dogs, Commercially-available in-house kits assay what two hormones

A

LH or Progesterone

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38
Q

in dogs, how soon are in house assay results available

A

20 minutes

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39
Q

in dogs, LH can be tested in house but requires what

A

daily serum collection

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40
Q

in dogs, what will make a progesterone kit give false high reading

A

if the kits is too cold

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41
Q

in dogs, three reasons why a kit might give false low readings

A

Serum handled improperly
Hemolyzed sample
Lipemic sample

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42
Q

Four ways to determine pregnancy in the canine

A

Abdominal Palpation
Hormone assay
Ultrasound
Radiology

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43
Q

in dogs, abdominal palpitation for pregnancy detection can be performed during a ________ day window

A

7 to 10 day

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44
Q

in dogs, when can abdominal palpitation for pregnancy detection be use

A

21 days after D1

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45
Q

in dogs, when does the window close to use abdominal palpitation for pregnancy detection

A

D1 + 30 days

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46
Q

in dogs, What hormone do hormone assay tests use to determine pregnancy

A

relaxin

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47
Q

in dogs, When are hormone assay tests reliable for determining pregnancy

A

28 days post LH surge OR day 20 after D1

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48
Q

in dogs, when can ultrasound be used to establish pregnancy

A

D1+20 days - up to parturition

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49
Q

in dogs, What is the only reliable method to accurately determine number of pups, relative sizes, and position

A

Radiology

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50
Q

in dogs, when is radiology used to determine pregnancy

A

after D1+37 days

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51
Q

in dogs, how can you estimate gestation length

A

Use day of progesterone rise (LH spike) or D1

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52
Q

what is the range of gestation in dogs

A

55-70 days from breeding event

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53
Q

what is a more reliable predictor of the whelping date

A

D1 + 57-58 days

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54
Q

how long does stage 1 parturition last for dogs

A

6 - 12 hours (can go up to 36 hours)

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55
Q

two behaviors that bitches show in stage 1 parturition

A

restlessness
nesting

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56
Q

in dogs, what will the body temp drop to in stage 1 parturition

A

99 degress

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57
Q

how soon will 85% of bitch go to stage 2 parturition after the temp drop

A

within 24 hours

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58
Q

in dogs, how often should you monitor temp during stage 1 parturition

A

daily

59
Q

in dogs, how long does stage 2 parturition last

A

3 to 6 hours (up to 24 hours)

60
Q

what percentage of puppies are born in the anterior position, front legs and head first

A

60%

61
Q

how long should delivery take, per puppy

A

20-60 mins

62
Q

no more than how many hours between delivery of puppies

A

two hours

63
Q

what kind of placenta do dogs have

A

zonary

64
Q

in dogs, what kind of discharge is normal around the placental attachment

A

blackish green

65
Q

three signs of dystocia in bitches and that you should seek veterinary intervention:

No progress after ________ of STRONG, CONTINUAL contractions

No progress after ________of WEAK, INFREQUENT contractions

_________ discharge

A

30 mins
2 hours
grass clipping green

66
Q

in dogs, what should you look for with dystocia

A

malposition of a puppy

67
Q

in dogs, two ways to evaluate dystocia

A

ultrasound
radiography

68
Q

canines have a normal _____ involution period

A

long

69
Q

in dogs, vulvar discharge is considered ______, it can be hemorrhagic but should not be ______

A

normal
odorous

70
Q

in dogs, how long can normal vulvar discharge last after welping

A

8 to 10 weeks

71
Q

in dogs, what is suspected in vulvar discharge last 12 weeks or more

A

subinvolution of the placental sites (SIPS)

72
Q

three signs of neglected (by mom) puppies

A

unhappy
hungry
fussy

73
Q

in dogs, what does green vulvar discharge usually mean

A

retained placenta

74
Q

Inflammation of Uterus/Endometrium

A

metritis

75
Q

what is the clinical sign of metritis

A

foul smelling vaginal discharge

76
Q

two post partum reasons that puppies might need supplemental hand feeding

A

metritis
mastitis

77
Q

Inflammation of mammary glands

A

mastitis

78
Q

three clinical signs of mastitis

A

fever
lethargy
glands are swollen/discolored

79
Q

in dogs, two true ER postpartum problems

A

eclampsia (milk fever - hypocalcemia)
pyometra

80
Q

in dogs, eclampsia is a more common problem in what kind of breeds

A

smaller breeds

81
Q

in dogs, four symptoms of eclampsia

A

tremors
excitation
hyperthermia
convulsions

82
Q

treatment for eclampsia

A

IV or oral calcium

83
Q

infection in uterus

A

pyometra

84
Q

what hormone is related to pyometra

A

progesterone

85
Q

seven clinical signs of pyometra

A

Lethargy
depression
febrile
polyuria
polydipsia
Leukocytosis
enlarged fluid-filled uterus

86
Q

three treatments for pyometra

A

Antibiotics
prostaglandins
Ovariohysterectomy

87
Q

four non pregnancy problems that female dogs can experience

A

Pyometra
Pseudopregnancy
Mismating (therapeutic abortion)
Brucellosis

88
Q

when is pyometra the most common is dogs who aren’t bred

A

1 to 2 months after estrus

89
Q

in dogs, what normal elevated hormone leads to pseudopregnancy

A

progesterone

90
Q

in dogs, three symptoms associated with pseudopregnancy

A

Mammary development
Lactation
Maternal behavior

91
Q

in dogs, treatment for pseudopregnancy

A

hormonal treatment can accelerate process
wait for symptoms to disappear

92
Q

in mismating cases, over what percentage of bitches presented are not actually pregnant

A

over 50%

93
Q

in dogs, three options for mismating treatment

A

Ovariohysterectomy
Allow Whelp (“oops litter”)
Therapeutic Abortion

94
Q

In dogs, Four ways to abort mismating pregnancies

A

Estradiol cypionate (ECP)
Prostaglandin
Dopamine agonists
Dexamethasone

95
Q

in dogs, which mismating abortion option has malpractice concerns

A

Estradiol cypionate (ECP)

96
Q

in dogs, which mismating abortion option is multiple shots given over 5 to 7 days

A

Prostaglandin

97
Q

in dogs, which mismating abortion option is an oral medication given at home

A

Dexamethasone

98
Q

in dogs, how long must you do Dexamethasone treatment for mismating abortions

A

until abortion is complete

99
Q

in dogs, which mismating abortion option has significant side effects

A

dexamethasone

100
Q

Preferred drug for therapeutic abortion in dogs

A

Dexmethasone

101
Q

what are female cats called

A

queens

102
Q

what kind of breeders are cats

A

seasonal

103
Q

when do most queens have estrous cycles

A

spring

104
Q

cats are seasonally polyestrous ______ day breeders

A

long

105
Q

what can affect the breeding cycles of indoor cats

A

artificial lighting

106
Q

cats are _____ ovulators, meaning that queens must have vaginal ______ to induce the ____ surge - causing ovulation

A

induced
stimulation
LH

107
Q

After breeding, when should vaginal stimulation happen in cats to have pregnancy

A

day 3 of estrus

108
Q

what kind of vaginal stimulation do cats needs, at least _____ hours apart - the ovulation is triggered

A

multiple stimulation, 2 to 3 hours apart

109
Q

how long does proestrus last for cats

A

1 to 3 days

110
Q

how long does estrus last for cats

A

8 to 10 days

111
Q

what do cats exhibit during estrus

A

Exaggerated Lordosis, Rolling

112
Q

how long is diestrus in cats (if ovulates but not pregnant)

A

40 days (if ovulates but not pregnant)

113
Q

how long is anestrus in cats (after pregnancy)

A

2 weeks following pregnancy or pseudo pregnancy

114
Q

how long is interestrus in cats (if no ovulation occurs)

A

3-14 days following non-ovulation estrus

115
Q

three possibilities with the estrous cycle in cats

A

ovulation and pregnancy
ovulation without pregnancy
no ovulation

116
Q

gestation period for cats

A

63-66 days after mating

117
Q

what two factors are NOT used to determine pregnancy in cats (but used in dogs)

A

Diestrus (D1) and LH level timing

118
Q

how long is the anestrus/post parturition quiescent (dormant) period in cats

A

2 to 6 weeks

119
Q

depending on the season and/or lighting, cats might have what after pregnancy

A

seasonal anestrus

120
Q

how long will cats have Diestrus (pseudopregnancy) if they have ovulation without pregnancy

A

40 days following estrus

121
Q

what prevents the return to estrus after ovulation without pregnancy in cats

A

high progesterone

122
Q

why are progestogen levels high in cats, even if pregnancy didn’t happen with ovulation

A

Corpora lutea not lysed by Prostaglandin

123
Q

how long is the interestus period in cats if ovulation happens without pregnancy

A

2 weeks

124
Q

what will cats return to if ovulation without pregnancy occurs

A

Proestrus

(Seasonal Anestrus if less the 8 hours of daylight)

125
Q

two reasons why queens will not ovulate

A

Queen not bred
insufficient stimulation to effect LH surge

126
Q

if no ovulation occurs in cats what stage of estrous will they be in

A

interestrus (transitory anestrus)

127
Q

how long does interestrus (Transitory anestrus) last in cats when no ovulation occurs

A

3 to 14 days

128
Q

after interestrus (Transitory anestrus) in cats, what do they return to

A

Proestrus (Seasonal Anestrus if less than 8 hours of daylight)

129
Q

three ways to determine pregnancy in a queen

A

abdominal palpation
ultrasound
radiography

130
Q

when can abdominal palpation by used to determine pregnancy in cats

A

16 to 30 days after mating

131
Q

when can ultrasound be used to determine pregnancy in cats

A

14 days after mating to term

132
Q

when can radiography be used to determine pregnancy in cats

A

after 43 days

133
Q

In cats, Series of normal estrous cycles present as “one long cycle”

A

prolonged estrus in Intact Queen

134
Q

prolonged estrus in intact queens is normal estrus with short ________ day interestrus, followed by another _______

A

1 to 2 days
estrus

135
Q

what is not a common cause for prolonged estrus in intact queens

A

cystic ovaries

136
Q

three treatment options for prolonged estrus in intact queens - which is prefered

A

Ovariohysterectomy - prefered
Induced ovulation
Hormone treatment

137
Q

how long is the reprieve offered by induced ovulation treatment for prolonged estrus treatment in intact queens

A

40 days

138
Q

how can you determine the cause for estrus in neutered queens

A

manually induce ovulation and see if estrus stops

139
Q

if estrus stops in a neutered queen with manually induced ovulation, what does this indicate

A

ovarian tissue is still present

140
Q

if estrus continues in a neutered queen with manually induced ovulation, what does this indicate

A

adrenal glands may be the source of estrogen

141
Q

three signs of dystocia in queens:

_____ mins intense labor with no kitten produced
_____ mins intense labor when kitten is present
acute __________
presence of fresh blood for more than _____ mins

A

20
10
depression
10

142
Q

In queens, normal postpartum discharge is a red-black non-odorous postpartum fluid that can be seen up to how long after queening

A

3 weeks

143
Q

Three postpartum considerations for queens

A

metritis
mastitis
pyometra

Clin Tech 3 - Repro (3 decks)

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