Lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
a specialty of veterinary medicine concerned with animal reproduction
A
Theriogenology
2
Q
what five studies are covered under Theriogenology
A
Physiology
Pathology
Obstetrics
Gynecology
Andrology
3
Q
What does andrology mean
A
study of male health
4
Q
six common aspects of repro
A
Hormones (endocrine)
Hormonal interaction
Breeding
Fertilization
Pregnancy
Birth (parturition)
5
Q
present in early embryo will become either male or female reproductive systems.
A
two embryologic tubular systems
6
Q
male embryologic tubular system
A
Wolffian
7
Q
female embryologic tubular system
A
Mullarian
8
Q
Where do the embryologic tubular systems run
A
between gonads and urethra
9
Q
chromosomes that determine the male
A
XY
10
Q
chromosomes that determine the female
A
XX
11
Q
Three important parts of the male repro system
A
Epididymis
Vas Deferens
Seminal Vesicle
12
Q
Four important parts of the female repro system
A
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Anterior vagina
13
Q
six parts of the mammalian repro anatomy
A
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal gland – sleep patterns
Gonads: ovaries or testes
Tubular genitalia (male or female)
Endocrine glands
14
Q
form vital chemical signals called hormones that drive many processes in the body, including reproduction.
A
endocrine glands
15
Q
In females, gives rise to a carefully orchestrated, repeating cycle that is designed to bring about mating, pregnancy, and birth.
A
hormonal changes
16
Q
Sequence of events in female reproductive cycle
A
estrous cycle
17
Q
Adjective used when describing events in female reproductive cycle
A
Estrous
18
Q
time of first ovulation (female)
A
puberty
19
Q
time leading to estrus (female)
A
proestrus
20
Q
time of sexual receptivity and mating (female)
A
estrus
21
Q
time of pregnancy establishment (female)
A
diestrus
22
Q
time when female is not undergoing reproductive events
A
anestrus
23
Q
where does all repro start (for both male and female)
A
the brain
24
Q
FSH and LH are what kind of proteins
A
glycoproteins
25
where are FSH and LH stored
anterior pituitary
26
FSH and LH can't be _______ and have to be obtained from natural sources
synthesized
27
five hormones of the estrous cycle
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Estrogen
Inhibin
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
28
Two hormones of pregnancy
Progesterone
Prostaglandin
29
what does GnRH stand for
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
30
origination point of GnRH
hypothalamus
31
destination of GnRH
anterior pituitary
32
function of GnRH
causes release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary at different times of estrous cycle
33
origination point of FSH
Anterior Pituitary
34
destination point of FSH
ovary
35
function of FSH
stimulates follicles to initiate growth of Ovarian Follicle
36
what does LH stand for
luteinizing hormone
37
origination point for LH
anterior pituitary gland
38
destination point for LH
ovary
39
function of LH
causes mature follicle to ovulate (released into oviduct for possible fertilization)
40
ovulation forms the _______ _______ and then the _______ ________
Corpus Hemmorhagicum>> Corpus Luteum
41
which female repro hormone is a steroid hormone
estrogen
42
origination point of estrogen
folilicle
43
destination point of estrogen
hypothalamus
44
two functions of estrogen
causes characteristic female behaviors, biology, and sexual receptivity to the male when the female is in estrus
triggers GnRH release from hypothalamus > to release LH from pituitary
45
which female repro hormone is a protein hormone, controls how many babies will be born (horses vs dogs)
inhibin
46
origination point of inhibin
granulosa cells of follicle
47
destination point of inhibin
pituitary gland
48
origination point for prostaglandin
uterus (endometrium)
49
destination point for prostaglandin
ovary
50
function of prostaglandin
kills the corpus luteum
51
what does killing the corpus luteum do
stops progesterone production - happens when ovulation occurs with no pregnancy
52
what species is the exception to prostaglandin killing the corpus luteum
cats and dogs
53
what blocks the production of prostaglandin
A baby! (fetus)
54
Expulsion of egg (ova) from follicle in the ovary
ovulation
55
most species (besides dogs and cats) will initiate the end of what
diestrus
56
during diestrus, prostaglandin is released from where
uterus
57
prostaglandin binds to ______ ______ and _____ it
corpus luteum
lyses
58
why do progesterone levels fall
due to destruction of the Corpus Luteum
59
when progesterone levels fall, FSH rises allowing for what
a new follicle to grow
60
time of follicular growth following CL destruction
proestrus
61
when does estrus resume
after follicles mature
62
LH surge releases what
oocyte
63
what do canines and felines have that make them an exception for the initiation of the end of diestrus
the corpa lutea (plural for corpus luteum) has a preprogrammed finite life spans
64
In dogs and cats, the corpa lutea is independent of what
prostaglandin
65
what happens to the corpa lutea in dogs and cats if they are not pregnant
it is not destroyed
66
fertilization is the production of an ______ with both maternal and paternal chromosome compliment
embryo
67
Embryo stays in _______ for several days prior to migration to ________
oviduct
uterus
68
where does pregnancy begin
the uterine tube (oviduct)
69
what three things make up the oviduct
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
70
site of fertilization
ampulla/isthmus junction
71
what is superfecundation
multiple sires fertilize multiple eggs - has to happen very close to each other
72
Embryo must establish itself as a viable pregnancy before ________ _________ is destroyed by _____________
corpus luteum
prostaglandins
73
Embryo produces specific substance called
conception factors
74
canines and felines have preprogrammed finite ________ ________ lifetimes, independent of __________
corpus luteum
prostaglandins
75
an embryo AFTER organ formation
fetus
76
forms from specialized cells on the embryo
placenta
77
placenta cells develop into ______ and ______
chorion
allantois
78
Chorion fuses with allantois to form the
chorioallantois
79
Chorion attaches to ________, and functions in transferring _________ from the uterus to the fetus.
uterus
nutrients
80
what are the two fluid sacs that surround the fetus
Chorioallantois and Amnion
81
one of the lobules constituting the uterine side of the mammalian placenta (inside of placentome)
cotyledon
82
fleshy masses on the wall of the uterus of pregnant ruminants; placenta is attached only at these points (outside of placentome)
caruncle
83
cotyledon + caruncle =
placentome
84
when does embryonic development commence
embryonic attachment to the uterus
85
To cause parturition, the fetal ______ system sends signals to trigger changes in ________ ________/_______ system
endocrine
parental endocrine/reproductive
86
In parturition, the Fetal hypothalamus releases _______ _______ _______
Hypothalamus
Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)
87
In parturition, Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) triggers fetal _______ gland to release _________ ________
pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
88
In parturition, Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers fetal ______ gland to produce fetal ________
adrenal
cortisol
89
The only domestic species in which entire parturition mechanism is completely understood.
sheep
90
high cortisol concentrations cause what in preparation of parturition
hormonal changes
91
In preparation for parturition:
Placenta stops producing ______
Placenta starts to produce ________
Uterus releases ________
progesterone
estrogen
prostaglandin
92
In preparation for parturition, Hormonal changes trigger ______ dilation and ______ contraction
cervix
uterine
93
Three stages of parturition
preparation for delivery
fetal expulsion
expulsion of placenta
94
Three kinds of cells in the testicle
Germ cells
Sertoli cells
Interstitial cells
95
what kind of cells in the testicle produce sperm
Germ cells
96
what kind of cells in the testicle Separate Sperm from rest of body
sertoli cells
97
sertoli cells form what part of the testicle
tubules
98
what kind of cells in the testicle Support structure for tubules
interstitial cells
99
interstitial cells in the testicles produce what
testosterone
100
Formed to Collect sperm and carry to Epididymis
Seminiferous Tubules
101
what hormone targets interstitial cells to produce testosterone
LH
102
what hormone is linked to sertoli cells
FSH
103
hormone that increases cell division and sperm production
FSH
104
increased sperm production releases what hormone
inhibin
105
what does the head of the epididymis do for sperm
helps them gain motility
106
what does the tail of the epididymis do for sperm
provides storage for sperm
107
three parts of the epididymis
head
body
tail
108
what species have a musculovascular penis
horse
dog
cat
109
what makes the penis blood filled and musculovascular
Corpus spongiosum
110
process where sperm move from end of ductus deferens to ampulae
emission
111
four accessory sex glands in the male
Ampulae
Prostate
Vesicular Gland
Bulbourethral
112
physical and biochemical change that happens to sperm once it is in the female repro tract, this change is needed to fertilize the oocyte
capacitation
113
three parts of semen evaluation
motility
morphology
concentration
114
how many sperm cells should be counted for morphology evaluation
100 sprem cells
115
Four things to evaluate in semen morphology
Proximal/distal Droplets
kinked/coiled Tails
Head shape
Midpiece problems
116
how is semen concentration evaluated
Dilute 1:100 and count on hemocytometer
117
what is the trick to canine semen collection
pressure and gloved hand
