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Medical Wellness > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

macronutrients

A

protein, carbohydrates, fat

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2
Q

Dietary reference intake

A
  • protein: 10-35%
  • carb: 45-65%
  • fat: 20-35%
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3
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

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4
Q

what type of vitamin is at a higher risk of toxicity?

A

Fat soluble vitamins

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5
Q

Vitamin A

A

vision and fetal eye development

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6
Q

Sources of vitamin A

A

animal sources, plant sources (carrot)

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7
Q

Vitamin D

A

promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

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8
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets (children)
Osteomalacia (adults)

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9
Q

Vitamin D insufficiency

A

it is common and you will likely diagnose and treat this

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10
Q

Sources of vitamin D

A

Sun, fatty fish, egg yolks

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11
Q

Vitamin E role

A

antioxidant
- free radical scavenger

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12
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

-cause neuromuscular disorder and hemolysis
- leads to vitamin K deficiency

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13
Q

Sources of vitamin E

A

nuts, vegetable oil, leafy vegetables
**alpha-tocophreol is the most active form and the only form that meets human requirements

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14
Q

Vitamin K role

A

clotting, 2,7,9,10

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15
Q

sources of vitamin K

A

green leafy vegetables, fat/oils

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16
Q

vitamin K deficiency

A

normal in newborns

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17
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid

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18
Q

Vitamin B role

A

coenzyme for Krebs cycle

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19
Q

Role of thiamin B

A

require coenzyme to fuel myocardial contraction

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20
Q

Thiamin deficiency

A

Berberi

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21
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff

A

Thiamine deficiency

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22
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

Acute
-confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia

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23
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

Chronic
-amnesia
-confabulation

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24
Q

Thiamin sources

A

yeast, legumes, pork, brown rice

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25
Q

cause of thiamin deficiency

A

loop diuretics, alcoholism, malabsorption, inadequate intake

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26
Q

Riboflavin Role

A

development of healthy skin, eyes, tongue, nerve function, digestion, energy metabolism

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27
Q

Riboflavin source

A

yeast, egg, beef liver, dairy/milk, fish

28
Q

Niacin role

A

energy metabolism, DNA repair

29
Q

Niacin source

A

meat, fish, fruit, vegetables

30
Q

Niacin deficiency

A

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

31
Q

Pantothenic acid

A

deficiency and toxicity are both extremely rare

32
Q

Pyridoxine B6 role

A

energy metabolism, red blood cell metabolism

33
Q

B6 deficiency

A

sideroblastic anemia

34
Q

Biotin B7

A

hair, skin, nails

35
Q

Folate Vitamin B9

A

occurs naturally in food

36
Q

Role of folate

A

cell replication, DNA and RNA synthesis, prevention of neural tube defect

37
Q

Folate deficiency

A

megaloblastic anemia, birth defects

38
Q

Vitamin B12`

A

DNA synthesis, CNS development, growth

39
Q

B12 deficiency

A

pernicious anemia, neurologic symptoms

40
Q

what deficiency can mask B12 deficiency?

A

Folate

41
Q

Vitamin C

A

collagen production, immune function

42
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

decrease immune response, leads to scurvy

43
Q

source of vitamin C

A

fruits and vegetables

44
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

osteoporosis, chvostk’s sign, trousseau’s

45
Q

phosphorus role

A

formation of bone and teeth, energy metabolism

46
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

hyperparathyroidism, bone and intestinal disease

47
Q

hyperphosphatemia

A

renal insufficiency

48
Q

What is the most prevalent anion in ECF

A

chloride

49
Q

magnesium role

A

energy production, DNA synthesis, smooth muscle contraction

50
Q

Hypomagenesmia

A

Refeeding syndrome

51
Q

potassium

A

Major cation in ICF
- maintains water balance, osmotic equilibrium, acid base balance

52
Q

what leads to tornadoes de pointes

A

hypokalemia

53
Q

Sodium role

A

regulate extracellular and plasma volume, acid base balance

54
Q

Is hyponatremia very common?

A

Yes

55
Q

What is one thing you have t determine for treatment f sodium

A

determine the extracellular fluid volume to determine the treatment

56
Q

Sulfur role

A

joint/connective tissue health

57
Q

Increase need for iron?

A

pregnancy

58
Q

Iodine main function

A

needed to synthesize thyroid hormones

59
Q

Iodine is the most common cause of ____in the world

A

brain damage

60
Q

Zinc role

A

immunity, wound healing, taste/smell, DNA synthesis

61
Q

who are deficient in zinc?

A

vegetarians

62
Q

fluoride recommendation

A

not before 6 months

63
Q

PKU

A

autosomal recessive disorder of amino acid metabolism

64
Q

diagnosis of PKU

A

urine with musty odor

65
Q

treatment for PKU

A

dietary restriction of phenylalanine and tyrosine supplement

Medical Wellness (5 decks)

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