Lecture 2 Flashcards
First line of defense
skin and mucous membranes
second line of defense
inflammation
third line of defense
immune response
cellular response steps (4)
marginization/adhesion
migration
chemotaxis
phagocytosis
marginalization/adhesion
- cytokines released leads sto increase in selectins
- leukocytes slow down *stick to vessel walls
migration
leukocytes extend pseudopods PASS thru cell wall via ameboid movement
chemotaxis
leukocytes travel thru tissues to injury
phagocytosis
- recognition *adherence
- engulfment
- intercellular killing
3 vascular response patterns
- immediate transient
- immediate sustained
- delayed hemodynamic
immediate transient
follows minor injury (ex. being snapped)
immediate sustained
follows major injury (surgical incision)
delayed hemodynamic
4 to 24 hours after injury (ex sunburn, vaccine)
types of white blood cells
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes
neutrophils
1st responder! arrives approximately 90 minutes and stay / live for approximately 10 hours.
Bands or left shift=immature neutrophil
Primary phagocyte
neutrophilia due to bacterial infection.
Eosinophils
Red under microscope
parasitic
basophils
inflammation x allergic rxns
release histamine & bonds with IGE
mast cells
last basophils but In connective tissues & mucosal surfaces
allergic rxn and parasitic
“sentinel position” -immediately releases anti-histamine
monocytes
Swat team
acts like macrophage
slowest to respond (approximately 24 hours) but last 48 hours
What do inflammatory mediators do?
modify and enhance inflammatory response
types of inflammatory mediators
plasma protein systems, histamines, cytokines, cyclooxygenase pathway, nitric oxide
Plasma Protein systems
Kinins, clotting system, complements
What do kinins do?
inflammatory mediators that do vasodilstion + increased permeability
feel pain via smooth muscle contraction
bradykinin
kinins broken down by 1. ace inhibitors
2. Kininase
What breaks down kinins?
- ACE inhibitors
- Kininase
Clotting system
expresses adhesion molecules and produces prostaglandins and chemokines
key clotting enzyme: thombin
Complements-what do they do?
vasodilation + inc. permeability
adhesion and chemotaxis
leukocute activation
augmentation of phagocytes
what do histamines help with?
helps with vasodilation and permeability via H1 receptor
What cells release histamines?
released by mast cells, platelets, and basophils
what do cytokines consist of?
- niterferons (IFNs)
- intereukins (ILs)
- chemokines
- lympohkines
- tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
what are the 5 actions–>
- fever
- adhesion of leukosytes
- pain
- chemotaxis
- acute phase response
2 major cytokines (major mediators of early inflammatory response
IL-1 and TNF-alpha
what is arachidonic acid
it is a fatty acid precursor derived from phospholipids in cell membrane
3 types of granulocytes
eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
pathway that converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxane
cyclooxygenase pathway
pathway that converts arachidonic acid to leukotrienes
lipoxygenase pathway
What is a leukotriene antagonist
5-lipoxygenase inhibitor
IE: singulair–used to treat asthma