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Psych 101 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Psychology

A

the scientific study of behaviour; and their mental processes of living organisms (w the use of the scientific method)

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2
Q

Define hypothesis

A

tentative explanation of why something happens

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3
Q

Define empirical method

A

based on observation, including experimentation rather than a method based on forms of logical argument

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4
Q

Who is considered to have established Psychology as a science?

A

Wilhelm Wundt - Father of Psychology

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5
Q

What is the breakdown of the word Psychology

A

Psych “breath, spirit, soul” Ology “the study of”

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6
Q

Where does psychology have its roots?

A

Philosophy

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7
Q

Who was involved in the nature vs nurture problem? (Philosophers)

A

Nature (socrates) vs Nurture (Aristotle)

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8
Q

What did Rene Descarte study? (Philosophers)

A

dualism, the mind and the body are separate entities

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9
Q

What did thomas hobs study? (Philosopher)

A

The seed of consciousness is in our mind. The mind controls our body.

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10
Q

What did Herman Von Holtz discover?

A

it takes longer to feel pain from a pinch farther from the brain.

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11
Q

What did Wundt study? When?

A

Scientific study of the conscious experience (1879)

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12
Q

What did Wundt create?

A

Introspection

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13
Q

How was introspection measures?

A

Reaction times measured under different conditions

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14
Q

What were the steps to measuring introspection?

A

-Measure reaction time
-Objectively observe their conscious experience
- Ask people to press button when hear the beep
- then ask people to press the button when they processed the fact that they heard the beep

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14
Q

Was question was introspection used to answer?

A

The structure of the consciousness

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15
Q

What did structuralism focus on?

A

breaking down the parts (structure) of the conscious experience. Breaking down the Parts of a feeling (what does it feel like? Where/ what does it come from?)

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16
Q

What are the problems with structuralism?

A

WUNDT tried to make something subject scientific which is very hard to do. Needed very educated people to be trained to introspect, feelings are subjective experiences. Not generalizable.

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17
Q

Who created functionalism?

A

William james

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18
Q

What was william james influenced by?

A

Darwin’s theory of evolution

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19
Q

What is functionalism interested in?

A

The mind as a whole. The function of the cognitive experience. How conscious experience helps us survive

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20
Q

What kind of questions would a functionalist ask?

A

Why do we love? What function does it have in our lives?

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21
Q

What kind of questions would a structuralist ask?

A

What is the structure of happiness? Anger?

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22
Q

What are the differences and similarities between Wundt and James?

A

-whole brain vs part of brain
-Function vs Experience
- Common: Introspection

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23
Q

What is the structuralism question?

A

What parts make up the conscious experience?

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24
Q

What is the functionalism question?

A

What are the different components of the conscious experience AND what functions do they serve?

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25
Q

How is introspection like a tool?

A

It was like a microscope… forced people to turn inward and try to observe the conscious experience

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26
Q

Who came up with the gestalt principles?

A

Wertheimer Koffka Kohler

27
Q

What does gestalt mean?

A

German word for whole

28
Q

What is a gestalt principle?

A

-The whole is different from the sum of its parts
- The sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts. But the whole is what the individual experiences as perception.

29
Q

What did gestalt principles give way to?

A

Behaviourism

30
Q

Words are nothing more than black dots on a page that we make sense of. Our brains take the individual bits but fill in the gaps (that is our expeirence)

What branch does this follow?

A

Gestalt psychology

31
Q

Who is in the experimental branch of psychology?

A

Von Helmotz
Wundt
James
Gestalt

32
Q

Who is in the applied (Clinical) branch of psychology?

A

Freud

33
Q

What branch of psychology is in between the experimental and clinical branches?

A

Behaviourism

34
Q

What type of psychology is the clincal branch?

A

applied

35
Q

What does clincial psychology do?

A
  • Takes what we know about human condition and applies it to the real world
  • helps people heal
    -develops a theory of where psychological problems come form
36
Q

What practices did Freud and Breuer focus on?

A

hypnosis and free association (talk therapy)

37
Q

What was freuds theory about consciousness?

A

Iceberg theory

38
Q

What os the iceberg theory

A

What is happening consciously is above water
- unconsicous mind is below water
these are wants desires behavioural (sexual) nature

39
Q

What did freud say about keeping things in the unconsicous?

A

If we keep things in the unconscious it can cause termoil

40
Q

What did freud think about dreams?

A

They were the window to the soul

41
Q

What did freud do well?

A
  • highlight the importance of early childhood experiences
  • Identified unconscious vs conscious
  • Identified that motivations can cause psychological conflict
  • identified that competing motivations can exist within an individual
42
Q

What was wrong with frueds theory?

A
  • couldnt be proven false
  • he placed too much emphasis on sex
43
Q

What are behaviourists interests in? What do they think we are?

A

behaviour. Think we are just complex computers

44
Q

What is a primary mechanism?

A

learning

45
Q

What do behavioursists think about consciousness?

A

it is flawed because it is subjective

46
Q

What are the different types of Learning?

A

-Cclassical conditioning (Pavlov)
-Operant conditioning (B.F Skinner)

47
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

what pavlov did with the dog and drooling at the sound of a bell.

48
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

behaviours that result in pleasant consequence will be repeated and vice versa
- all of our behaviour can be reduced to learning

49
Q

Who were the behaviourists?

A

Pavlov and Skinner

50
Q

What did maslow say?

A

We live through our needs in a sequential and predictable way

51
Q

what was the difference between humanistic and previous branches of psych?

A

before humanism psych focused on what was wrong with people, detemrinstic and reductionist

52
Q

What is humanism?

A

the good and growth potnetial is part of the human condition. We are inherintley good

53
Q

Who was one of the Fathers of Humanism?

A

Carl rogers

54
Q

Who are the humanists?

A

Maslow and carl rogers

55
Q

What did Carl Rogers do?

A

Client centred therapy
- acted as a mirror for clients, helped them find solutions to who they want to be

56
Q

What do humanists emphasize?

A

unconditional positive regard?

57
Q

When was the cognitive revolution?

A

1980-1990s

58
Q

What was the cognitive revolution?

A

placed emphasis on cognitive processes
- linguistics (how language shapes thought)
- Neuroscience (how the brain works)
-More collaboration across disciplines.

59
Q

What was the dominant perspective before the cognitive revolution?

A

behaviourism

60
Q

Who was involved in feminist psychology?

A

Karen horney

61
Q

What does the feminist approach seek to do?

A

Free psych of all gender biases
study biases between gender
Study gender differences
Re-evaluate contribution of women in psych (Anna freud)

62
Q

What did multicultural psych do?

A

explanations for different events depend on cultural upbringing
- focused on situational influence vs personal influence
- culture influences type of hallucinations
- precedents of eating disorders different in different cultures

63
Q

Who was the first black person to get a PH.D in America?

A

Cecil summer

64
Q

What type of psych did summer impact?

A

social psych. Work on intelligence.

Psych 101 (9 decks)

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