Lecture 2

Question 1

Name the different routes of drug administration

Answer 1

Oral (PO), Inhalation, Rectal (PR), Topical and Transdermal, Parenteral: Subcutaneous (SC), Intramuscular (IM) and Intravenous (IV),
Buccal and Sublingual (SL),

Question 2

Where is subcutaneous administration

Answer 2

Between the skin and before the muscle

Question 3

Where is intramuscular administration

Answer 3

In the muscle

Question 4

where is intravenous administartion

Answer 4

In the vein

Question 5

Describe the steps the drug experiences when taking a drug orally

Answer 5

1. Take the tablet/capsule/solution orally through the mouth
2. The tablet can be broken down in the mouth through chewing, and is then transported down the esophagus.
3. enters the stomach and is then disintegrated and dissoluted.
4. Gastric emptying occurs
5. Goes into the small intestine, absorption happens
6. Goes into the hepatic vein, through the liver, and out of the liver into the systemic circulation
7. left over goes through GI and gets eliminated

Question 6

What is the local effect

Answer 6

It does not go outside of the local area

Question 7

What is the systemic effect

Answer 7

the drug will go into circulation and will distribute outside into other organs.

Question 8

What’s the difference between Buccal and Sublingual

Answer 8

Buccal is harder tablets, that dissolve much slower, and are placed on the inside of the mouth/cheek.
Sublingual is softer tablets that dissolve much faster and are placed under the tongue in the mouth./

Question 9

What are some advantages to buccal and sublingual

Answer 9

1. Bypass the first pass effect
2. rapid absorption
3. drug stability (pH is the mouth is neutral so drug can be more stable)

Question 10

What are some disadvantages to buccal and sublingual

Answer 10

1. Holding dose in the mouth
   2.more suitable for drugs with small doses
2. drugs taste may need to be masked

Question 11

Advantages to rectal (PR) administration

Answer 11

1. Reduced first pass effect
2. useful for special patients

Question 12

Disadvantages to rectal (PR) administration

Answer 12

1. Erratic and incomplete absorption
2. Not well accepted

Question 13

Describe the type of injection and graph of Intravenous (IV) Bolus Dose

Answer 13

One injection. TMax time is 0. Graph decreases

Question 14

Describe the type of injection and graph of Intravenous (IV) Infusion Dose

Answer 14

Injecting gradually. graph is increasing

Question 15

Subcutaneous (SC) Advantages

Answer 15

1. Can be given by patient-insulin
2. Absorption is usually complete

Question 16

Subcutaneous (SC) Disadvantages

Answer 16

1. Can be painful
2. Irritant drugs can cause local tissue damage
3. Small doses

Question 17

Intramuscular (IM) Advantages

Answer 17

1. Larger volume than SC
2. A depot or sustained release effect

Question 18

Intramuscular (IM) Disadvantages

Answer 18

1. Trained personnel
2. Absorption is sometimes erratic
3. Irritating drug may be painful

Question 19

Inhalation advantages

Answer 19

1. May be used for a local effect (bronchodilators)
2. Can be used for systemic effect (general anesthesia)
3. Rapid absorption by passing the liver

Question 20

Inhalation disadvantage

Answer 20

inefficient dosing

Question 21

In topical and transdermal administrations which is the local effect?

Answer 21

Topical. Examples are ear /eye drops, ointment, antiseptic creams, sunscreens

Question 22

In topical and transdermal administrations which is the Systemic effect?

Answer 22

Transdermal. Example is nitroglycerin ointment

Question 23

Bioavailability (F) definition

Answer 23

The fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation

Question 24

Describe the absorption of Oral administration

Answer 24

it is swallowed. dissolutions of the solid solutions occur first, and it must survive stomach acid.
This follows the first pass effect, which means it will be metabolized by the gut wall and liver before reaching systematic

Question 25

Describe the absorption of sublingual administration

Answer 25

Under the tongue. Direct absorption into the systemic venous circulation and DOES NOT go through first pass effect.

Question 26

Describe the absorption of rectal administration

Answer 26

suppository. Can take larger amounts. Good for those who cannot take oral medications. Similar to sublingual route (not first pass effect)

Question 27

Describe the absorption of inhalation administration

Answer 27

For respiratory diseases, this administration deposits the drug close to its target organ, when its used for systemic administration.

rapid absorption because of large surface area in the lungs